Boards Spinal

ectoderm

gives rise to all neurons and supporting cells and forms neural plate

vertebra develop from

sclerotome

notochord

induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (remnant IVD as nucelus pulpous)

neural plate

forms neural groove which houses the spinal cord and Brian vesicles

microglial cells

neurons of CNS

ependymal cells

retinal cells

neural crest

PNS

endoderm epithelium

forms the lining of the digestive tube and its associated structures, division of the foregut and midegut

foregut

glands in buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, pharyngeal pouches and pharynx

midgut

duodenum, jejuneum, appendix, part of transverse colon

hindgut

part of transverse, sigmoid, and descending colon, rectum, and upper anal canal

allantois

urinary bladder, vagina, urethra, prostate, urethral glands

simple squamous

filtration or diffusion

capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli

ciliated eputhelium

circulate, move, sweep and clean

brain vesicles, oviduct, lungs

ciliated pseudostraified columnar

trachea, upper respiratory tract

non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar

vas deferens

somite cells

form the sclerotome that forms the vertebral column

foramen ovale becomes

fossa ovalis

ductus arteriosus

becomes ligaments arteriosum

ductus venous becomes

ligamentum venosum

umbilical vein becomes

ligamentum teres

umbilical arteries become

medial umbilical ligaments

urachus

remnant of the duct of allantois

C1 dermatome

none

C2 dermatome

back of scalp

C3 dermatome

nape of neck

C4 dermatome

shoulders

C5-T2 dermatome

arm and fingers

T4 dermatome

nipples

T7 dermatome

xiphoid process

T10 dermatome

umbilicus

L4 dermatome

Medial knee to the floor

mandibular branch of CN V

pharyngeal arch 1

malleus and incus

muscles of mastication and jaw closing

facial nerve

pharyngeal arch 2

stapes and styloid

muscles of facial expression and jaw opening

stylohyoid, stapedius

glossopharyngeal nerve

pharyngeal arch 3

cornu and hyoid

stylohpharyngeus

superior laryngeal of vagus (X)

pharyngeal arch 4

thyroid and cricoid cartilage

pharyngeal, cricothyroid, and levator palatine

inferior laryngeal of vagus (recurrent branch)

pharyngeal arch 6

arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilage

laryngeal muscles

glioblast

glue

gives rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

astrocytes

most numerous cells of the CNS

acts like connective tissue and is part of the blood brain barrier

forms scar like tissue in injury

oligodendrocytes

form myelin around CNS

microglia (gitterzellen)

not many and phagocyte

neuroblast

makes neurons

internuncial

neurons within the CNS

prosencephalon separates into

telencephalon and diencephalon

telencephalon

forebrain with CN I

in the lateral ventricles spared by septum pellucidum

diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, retina, maxillary body, posterior pituitary

CN II

foramen of Monroe

mesencephalon

midbrain

CN III and IV

cerebral aqueduct of sylvius

rhombencephalon

mesencephalon and myelencephalon

metencephalon

PONS and cerebellum

CN V-XII

4th ventricle

myelencephalon

medulla oblongata

CN V-XII

4th ventricle

circle of willis

arterial anastomosis

blood supply communication between forebrain and hindbrain

anatomically around the pituitary gland and optic chiasm

internal carotid and vertebral arteries supply circle

middle cerebral artery

most common location for cerebral vascular accident (stroke)

anteromedial longitudinal artery trunk anterior spinal artery

sends 200 branches into ventral aspect of cord

posterolateral longitudinal artery trunks (posterior spinal artery)

branches provide blood to posterior roots of spinal cord

cerebral cortex

developed from neural plate

neocortex

90% of cortex, 6 cerebral cortex laminae

allocortex

10% of cortex

diencephalon is mostly formed by what

thalamus

relay for cortex and processes sensory information, sleep, and consciousness

motor relay

basal ganglia

responsible postural adjustments, steadying, voluntary movements, enkephalins

stratal lesions cause tremors

corpus striatum, amygdaloid nucleus and claustrum

telencephalon nuecli

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, basal ganglia

mesencephalon nuceli

substantia nigra and subthalamic

corpus striatum

head of the caudate and putamen

lentiform nucleus

globus pallidus and putamen

atrophy or damage of the basal ganglia can produce

chorea

Parkinsonism is due to

neuronal degeneration of the substance niegra

Lewy bodies

brainstem

composed of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrains

important nuclei for CN III-XII

meninges from inside to out

pia, arachnoid, dura

epidural space

filled with fat and veins

subarachnoid space

between arachnoid and pia

where spinal tap takes place

ependymal cells

innermost layer of the neural tube

choroid plexus

produces CSF

arachnoid granulations

reabsorb CSF

how much CSF in ventricles

25 mL

how many pairs of spinal nerves

31

bell magendi law

dorsal roots are sensory

ventral roots are motor

SAME saying

Sensory=afferent

motor=efferent

spinal cords termination

L1-2

condus medularii

end of spinal cord

cauda equina

horses tail, roots for lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves through lumbar cisterns forming the tail

midbrain is made of

tectum (roof) and pedicles

cerebral aqueduct of sylvius

CSF exchanges between 3-4th ventricles

cerebral peduncles

tegmenjtum, substantial nutria, crus cerebri, CN III-IV

substantia nigra

black color

dopamine from tyrosine

melanin is byproduct

crus cerebri

part of cerebral peduncle

corticospinal, corticopontine, corticobulbar, corticomesencephalic

cerebellum function

integration of momentary state muscle contraction, joint tension, visual and auditory input regarding equilibrium

vermis

medial

paleocerebellar

anterior and general muscle tone

neocerebellar

coordination of skilled movements

archicerebellar

equilibrium

cerebellar nuclei (medial to lateral, small to large)

FGED

fastigial, globus, emboliform, dentate

flowers, grow, every, day

deiters nucleic

lateral vestibular

meynerts nuclei

forebrain has ACH

raphe nuclei

medulla oblongata and serotonin

lenticular nuclei

part of the corpus striatum

thalamus

curde sensation and integrations

relay center

cortex

conscious interpretation and movement

main pathway between thalamus and cortex

through internal capsule and corona radiate

postcentral dyrus

primary sensory cortex

pre central gyrus

primary motor cortex

UML

increase reflexes and muscle tone

spasticity

hypertrophy

clonus

increase DTR

decrease superficial reflexes (bilateral)

LMNL

decrease muscle tone and DTR

flaccidity

atrophy

fasciculations

decreased superficial reflexes (unilateral)

corticospinal (pyramidal) tract

precise and skilled voluntary movement

writing