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Progeria disease
Rare genetic disorder causing accelerated aging.
Average lifespan
Progeria patients typically live 14 years.
Cell nucleus
Organelle storing genetic information in eukaryotic cells.
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane surrounding the nucleus.
Lamin proteins
Support nuclear envelope as part of cytoskeleton.
Transcription
Process of synthesizing RNA from DNA.
Replication
Process of duplicating DNA for cell division.
Nuclear pores
Protein-lined channels regulating molecule transport.
Nucleolus
Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis in the nucleus.
Chromatin
DNA-protein complex forming chromosomes during cell division.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Network of membranes for protein and lipid synthesis.
Rough ER
Site of protein synthesis and modification.
Smooth ER
Site for lipid synthesis and calcium storage.
Golgi apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.
Cisternae
Flattened membranous sacs in the Golgi apparatus.
Endosomes
Sorting organelles directing substances to lysosomes.
Lysosomes
Digestive organelles breaking down macromolecules.
Autophagy
Process of degrading old organelles in lysosomes.
Peroxisomes
Organelles breaking down toxic peroxides.
Vacuoles
Storage compartments primarily in plant cells.
Cytoplasm
All cell material excluding the nucleus.
Mitochondria
Sites of energy transformation in cells.
Cristae
Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Chloroplasts
Organelles for photosynthesis in plants and algae.
Thylakoid membranes
Site of light-dependent reactions in chloroplasts.
Compartmentalization
Separation of cellular processes for efficiency.
Prokaryotic cells
Cells lacking a nucleus, smaller than eukaryotes.
Peptidoglycan
Polymer forming the cell wall in bacteria.
Capsule
Protective layer surrounding some bacterial cell walls.
Flagella
Tail-like structures aiding prokaryotic motility.
Cell size limit
Surface area-to-volume ratio restricts cell size.
