Anatomy: Body Membranes and Levels of Organization

Membranes are simple organs and forms barriers. What are membranes composed of?

epithelium and connective tissue

Four types of membrane (epithelium/connective) tissue

Cutaneous, synovial, serous, and mucous

line cavities that communicate with the exterior. ex cavities incude respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

mucous membrane

contains lamina propria

mucous membrane

connective tissue with wbc and protects body from infection

lamina propria

viscous and sticky to trap particles

covered by mucous

Line sealed internal cavities

– Prevent friction between adjacent organs

• Composed of parietal and visceral layers

serous membrane

serous membrane parietal and visceral layers are separated by a thin cavity filled with….

serous fluid

serous membrane surrounding lungs

pleura

serous membrane surrounding heart

pericardium

serous membrane lining abdominopelvic cavity

peritoneum

Creates adhesion between lungs and

thoracic wall

serous membrane, pleura

membrane that covers the body surface; integumentary system

cutaneous

membrane found in knee, shoulder, and hip joints > produce the egg white fluid

synovial membrane

what fluid does synovial membrane make (egg white fluid)

synovial fluid

(more viscous than serous fluid)

incomplete lining within joint cavities, allows joints to move more efficiently

synovial fluid

levels of orgnization

atoms, molecule, protein filaments, cells, tissue, organs

skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

integumentary

protects against enrivonmental hazards, helps regulate body temp, provides sensory info

integumentary

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

nervous

directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activites of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory info about external conditions

nervous

bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow

skeletal

provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells

skeletal

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads (Testes and ovaries), endocrine tissues in other systems

endocrine

directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, controls many structural and functional changes during development

endocrine

skeletal muscles and associated tendons and aponeuroses (tendinous sheets)

muscular

provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temp

muscular

heart, blood, blood vessels

cardiovascular

distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide; distributes heat and assists in control of body temp

cardiovascular

spleed, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

lymphatic

defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

lymphatic

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

urinary

excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stories urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

urinary

nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

respiratory

delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs), provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, produces sounds for communication

respiratory

teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

digestive

processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients (ions, water, and the breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, and fats), stores energy reserves

digestive system

testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum

male reproductive

produces male sex cells sperm and hormones

male reproductive

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands

female reproductive

produces female sex cells oocytes and hormones, supperts developing embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish newborn infant

female reproductive

body coverings– skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

1. protection

2. regulates body temp

3. environmental sensors

4. makes vitamin D

Integumentary system

Bones, cartilage, ligament and joints

1. provides muscles framework

2. protects organs

3. form blood cells

4. stores minerals like calcium

Skeletal system

muscles and tendons

1. contraction (shortening) of muscles causing motion

2. maintains posture

Muscular system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors.

1. detects changes internally and externally

2. processes incoming information and directs response

3. responds to env’t by activating glands/muscles

Nervous system

glands, hormones

1. regulatory system

Ex. Metabolism, growth, reproduction

Endocrine system

heart and blood vessels

1. transports gases, chemicals, white blood cells that fight infection

2. transports nutrients, eliminates waste

Cardiovascular system

lymph nodes, vessels, red bone marrow, thymus, spleen

1. involved in immune response

a. Disposes of pathogens and debris

b. houses lymphocytes (wbc)

2. return fluids in tissues to the blood vessels

Lymphatic system

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, diaphragm

1. supplies body with oxygen, removing carbon dioxide

Respiratory system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and other glands

1. break down food and deliver nutrients to body tissues

2. eliminates indigestible food

Digestive system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

1. removing wastes from the blood stream and flush from body.

2. maintains water, electrolytes, and pH balance of body

Urinary systems

production of offspring

Reproductive system