7.5; Radiography of the Foal - sorry, had to separate this for my own brain

premature

_________________: a preterm birth (under 320 days)

dysmature

____________: a full term foal who was born with premature signs. Most commonly this is secondary to placental insufficiency

thin body condition, resp distress, floppy ears, domed forehead, thin silky coat, difficulty standing, incomplete ossificationof cuboidal bones, periarticular laxity, weak suckling response, secondary bacterial infection

What are the clinical signs of a premature or dysmature foal? (theres a lot so just throw out a couple)

crush, weight bearing movements

If a foal has failure or delay of ossification, the incompletely ossified bones do not provide normal support for the limb and begin to _________ during __________

lateral, laterally, carpus valgus

In horses with failure/delay of ossification, the _________ aspect of the carpus will collapse and the limb will angle [which direction], causing "__________ __________"

dorsal, curved

In horses with failure/delay of ossification, the _________ aspect of the tarsus will collapse, leading to an abnormally ________ appearance of the tarsus

valgus

Which term describes this foals legs?

varus

Which term describes this foals legs?

failure/delay of ossification, thin and wedge shaped

What is happening here in these foal bones? How can you tell?

cool

He said not to worry about grading, but here are some tarsal bones, with the least mature on the left side and most mature on the right

angular limb deformities, pathologic fractures, osteoarthritis

non ossified limbs will lead to what three things?

varus

medial deviation of the limb is called

valgus

lateral deviation of the limb is called

true

true/false: angular limb deformities are named by indicating the joint or location where the deviation stars

cool

This is a lot, but I dunno how to make it a question and it DOES seem important:

Using Straight DP projections - Include a significant length of the bone proximal and distal to the joint where the angulation begins

•To determine the cause of the angulation and the degree of angulation that is present, lines are drawn through the central axis of the bones proximal and distal to the affected joint

•The point at which the lines intersect helps determine the cause of the abnormal angulation

•The angle formed at the intersection of the lines is the degree of abnormal angulation

hematogenous

Infectious septic arthritis in foals is usually via the ___________ route of infection

6-8, 10-12

Infectious septic arthritis in foals is usually seen in foals who are _________ weeks but can be seen up to ______ months

false; hematogenous spread means almost always multiple joints

true/false; infectious septic arthritis is, despite it's infectious nature, typically confined to one joint in most infected foals.

soft tissue swelling, aggressive osseous changes

early radiographic signs of infectious arthritis are often only _________ but later signs include __________ as the disease progresses

umbilicus, lungs, GI

What are the most common sources of the bacteremia? (organs of entry)

synovium

Where does type S infectious polyarthritis stem from in neonates?

physes, septic physitis

Where does type P infectious polyarthritis stem from in neonates?

epiphyses, septic epiphysitis

Where does type E infectious polyarthritis stem from in neonates?

tarsal bones

Where is type T infectious polyarthritis limited to in neonates?

carpal bones

Where is type C infectious polyarthritis limited to in neonates?

distension of joint capsule, normal osseous structures

What are radiographic signs of type S infections?

some swelling, widening of joint spaces (i know, i know)

What tips us off that this is type S septic arthritis?

joint capsule distension, lysis and irregular physis

What are radiographic signs of septic physitis?

infection of a synovial structure

septic physitis is generally secondary to or concurrent with ____________________

widened joint spaces AND moth eaten physis lines

What tells us this image is of septic physitis?

irregular margination, effusion, mineralization

What are the signs of septic arthritis seen here? (hint, they ARE outlined by my crappy orange annotations)

salter harris fracture

_________________: a fracture of the epiphyseal plate in young animals

I

salter harris type ______?

IV

Salter harris type ______?

(notes say: radiolucency surrounding joint)

II

salter harris type ____?

physeal dysplasia

___________: developmental disease cahracterized by disturbance of endochondral ossification at the physis

negative, this is an aseptic physitis

If you cultured a joint that had physeal dysplasia, what is the most likely thing you would find?

active growth phases

When is physeal dysplasia most commonly seen?

distal radial physis, distal MC/MT III physis, distal tibial physis

What three locations did Dr Berry give us that physeal dysplasia appears in most commonly?

rapid cartilage production, mineralization

physeal dysplasia is thought to be secondary to ________________ or defects in the _____________________ within primary spongiosa

warm, painful, firm swelling at distal radius or distal MC/MT III

what are physical exam findings with physeal dysplasia

medial, physeal closure,

Which aspect of the limb is most commonly affected with physeal dysplasia?

And This can lead to premature _______ and to angular limb deformities

exercise restriction, stall rest, NSAIDs, good

What are the treatments for physeal dysplasia?

What is the prognosis?

widening of physis, bony irregularity at pyseal margins, metaphyseal flaring, hook like projection at metaphysis

what are some radiographic signs of physeal dysplasia?