AP Human Geography Industrialization and Urbanization Unit

Weber's Least Cost Theory

Minimize transportation cost, minimize labor costs, and Maximize Economies of Agglomeration.

Chrystaller's Central Place Model

Attempts to explain the pattern of Settlements and Urban Hierarchy.

Concentric Zone Model

A city grows outward from a central are in a series of concentric rings.

Sector Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district.

Multinuclei Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes are activities.

Urban Realms Model

Includes a CBD, central city, new downtown, and suburban downtown.

Agglomeration

An extended city or town area comprising the built-up area of a central place and any suburbs linked by continuous urban area.

Amenities

The attractiveness and value of real estate or of a residential structure.

Asian Tigers

The highly developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan.

Asylum Seeker

An individual who seeks refuge, especially political asylum, in a foreign country.

Back Offices

A part of most corporations where tasks dedicated to running the company itself take place. Outside the CBD.

Basic Industry

Industry that sells its products outside the community, bringing money into the community.

Non-Basic Jobs

Industry that sells its products within the community; it does not bring money into the community.

Beltway

A circumferential highway found around or within many cities.

Blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because the fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood.

"Bosnywash"

A theoretical United States megalopolis extending from the metropolitan area of Boston to that of Washington, D.C.

Breaking Point

A point of discontinuity, change, or cessation.

Break-of-bulk location

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

Functional Specialization

Some cities are characterized by one specific activity.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

Ghetto

During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews: now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.

Ghettoization

To isolate in or as if in a ghetto.

Global Assembly Line

A mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it.

Green Space/Belt

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

Growth Pole

A point of economic growth.

Hinterland

The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Investor flight

Instability in Civil War.

Just In Time Delivery

An inventory strategy that strives to improve a business's return on investment by reducing in-process inventory.

Maquiladora

Factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

Market Area

The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use place's goods and services.

Medical Tourism

Initially coined by travel agencies and the mass media to describe the rapidly-growing practice of traveling across international borders to obtain health care.

Mega City

A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people.

Megalopolis

An extensive metropolitan area or a long chain of continuous metropolitan areas.

Mercantile Cities

Cities focused on trade /profit by using Mercantilism.

Metropolitan Area/Digital Divide

When the line that is a barrier is digitally made metropolitan area separated from the rest of the area.

Mini mills

A part of an industry that does a small part of the process usually it is involved with steel mills.

Multiplier Effect

The expansion of a country's money supply that results from banks being able to lend.

New International Division of Labor

transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries

Bulk Gaining Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

Bulk Reducing Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

Capital Flight

When money rapidly flow out of a country.

Central Business District (CBD)

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.

City Beautiful Movement

1890s through the 1900s movement to modernize cities with avenues, landscapes, and modern buildings.

Conglomerate Corporations

When multiple corporations merge to make a larger one.

Conurbations

Large, multi-metropolitan complexes formed by the fusion of 2 or more major urban areas, but they keep their individuality.

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Creative Destruction

A company creatively overpowers other companies by making better and bigger stuff.

Daily Urban System

Functional Region.

North-South Divide

A division between areas where most MDC's mostly exists in the north. The north is usually wealthier.

Perishable products

Products that can go bad or useless after a certain amount of time.

Planned Obsolescence

A company purposefully outdates its products to force customers to upgrade.

Power Loom

Designed in 1784 by a man named Cartwright and built in 1785; it is a loom operated by mechanical or electrical power that can be powered by a drive shaft.

Primate City Rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

R and D (Research and Development)

The idea of researching human wants and needs and then creating a good or service to fit those wants and needs accordingly.

Range

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

Rank-Size Rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Recession

A general slowdown of economic activity over a period of time.

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lead money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

Remittances

Sending someone money from a far distance; this usually occurs when immigrants move to an MDC and send their pay back to their family in their home country.

Right-to-Work State

A U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment.

Rust Belt

Also known as the manufacturing belt and is located in the northeastern parts of the USA and Midwest states that contain older industries and factories.

SEZ or EPZ (Special Economic Zone)

A zone set up by the government in developing countries to promote industry and common exports.

Shenzhen

A city in China near Hong Kong.

Single Market Manufacturers

Products sold in mostly one location so there is a cluster near the market.

Site

The physical character of a place.

Situation

The location a place relative to other places.

Social Distance

The distance between two groups of society; this can be two racial groups, or social settings.

Squatter Settlement

An area within a city in an LDC in which people illegally settle on other people's land without paying rent.

State planning/ 5 Year Plan

Any plan for national economic or industrial development, specifying goals to be reached within a 5 year period.

Deglomeration

Occurs when companies and services leave because of the diseconomies of industries' excessive concentration.

Deindustrialization

A process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially heavy industry or manufacturing industry.

Digital Divide

The gap between people with effective access to digital and information technology and those with very limited or no access at all.

Dispersed Settlements

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

Economic base

A community's collection of basic industries.

Ecotourism

Tourism to places having unspoiled natural resources, with minimal impact on the environment being primary concern.

Edge Cities

Large node of office or retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

Entrepot

A commercial center where goods are received for distribution, transshipment, or repacking.

Favelas

a shanty town in or near a city, slum area

Footloose Industries

An industry that can be placed and located at any location without effect from factors such as resources.

Forward Capital

Symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state.

Steam Engine

An engine driven or worked by steam.

Racial Steering

Real-estate agents show black people black areas, and show white people white areas.

Subsidies

Monetary assistance granted by a government to an individual or group in support of an activity, such as farming or housing construction, that is viewed being run the public as interest.

Subsidized Housing

Provides homes for millions of families and seniors throughout the country.

Summit

Conference of highest-level officials.

Tariffs

A tax imposed by a country on imported good, usually intended to protest industries within that country.

Tax Abatement

The temporary elimination of real estate property tax, used to stimulate new development or redevelopment.

Tax Havens

Country or territory where certain taxes levied at a low rate or not at all.

Textiles

A fabric made by weaving, used to make clothing.

Threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support the service.

Unplanned City

A city that grew without planning.

Urban Banana

Urbanized zone that spreads from India and Far East (China and Japan) across Islamic Empires, and into Europe; followed mostly along the silk and spice trade routes.

Urban Hierarchy

a\A term that relates the structure of towns within an area; typically in four categories (1st order, 2nd order, 3rd order, and 4th order).

Urban Renewal

A program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use.

Urban Sprawl

Unplanned, uncontrolled spreading of urban development into areas adjoining the edge of a city.

Vertical Geography

Building up a city instead of out, like tall buildings.

World City

A city deemed to be an important node point in the global economic system.

Zone of Transition

Area between factory zone and working class zone in CZM of urban structure.

Zoning Laws

Legal restrictions on land use: residential, commercial, industrial.