human health part 2

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an acute infection or inflammation of the lungs in which the alveolar sacs fills up with the fluid and dead white blood cells reducing the amount of air space in the lungs.

Name the bacteria causing pneumonia

Pneumococcal bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae

Name any other bacteria which cause pneumonia

Haemophilus influenzae

Symptoms of pneumonia

1 resistant dry cough

2 high fever with very rapid rate of breathing

3 chest pain often on one side only that is aggregated by breathing and coughing

4 spit make contain reddish steaks of blood

5 headache fever and cough

6 lips and finger nails may turn grey to blueish in colour

7 alveoli of lungs get filled with fluid leading to severe problem in respiration

How pneumonia spread

1 bye inhaling a droplets or aerosols released by an infected person

2 aur bhai sharing glasses and utensils with an infected person

Treatment of pneumonia

1 rest in bed and take plenty of fluids

2 describe an antibiotic

3 arrange for close follow up with chest X-rays to check

4 in children and elderly careful home treatment of minor cups and cold help to prevent the occurrence

Prevention of pneumonia

Maintenance of personal and public hygiene

Common cold caused by virus

Common cold affect the whole upper respiratory tract but not the lungs producing a swollen inflammade lining to the nose in a particular and also the throat and often the sinuses and Larynx mucus from the nose is loaded with virus

Name the virus causing common cold

Rhino viruses

Symptoms of common cold

1 nasal congestion and discharge

2 sore throat headache and stuffy feeling in the front of the head

3 running nose

4 dry and tickly cough

5 lack of appetite

6 general feeling of lack of energy tiredness

7 hoarseness

Transmission of common cold

1 by directly inhaling a droplets from cough or sneeze of an infected person

2 transmitted through contaminated object such as Spain book Cup door knob computer keyboard or mouse

Treatment for common cold

1 keep the patients temperature down

2 take extra drinks especially cool drinks to replace fluid being lost and to cool the body

3 take painkillers in recommended doses

4 a linctus may ease irritating cough symptoms

5 inhale steam

6 extra sleep or rest in bed assist recovery

Prevention of common cold

Maintenance of personal and public hygiene

How are chikungunya transmitted to human

It is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected aedes aegypti mosquito

Name the virus responsible for chikungunya

Chikungunya virus CHIKV

Name the genus and family of the chikungunya virus

CHIKV is the member of genus Alpha virus family

Togaviridae

Define incubation period

time between when a person is exposed to an infectious agent (such as a virus or bacterium) and when the first signs or symptoms of the disease appear.

Symptoms of chikungunya

Headache

Myalgia muscular pain

Swelling and stiffness of joints

Fatigue nausea vomiting and rashes

Arthralgic

Name the primary vector of chikungunya virus to human

Aedes aegypti yellow fever mosquito

Name the vector name as Asian tiger mosquito

Aedes albopictus

Name the method used to test the blood for the diagnosis of chikungunya

ELISA

PCR polymerase chain reaction

ELISA what does it do

It takes for the presence of the anti chikungunya and the body in the patience blood

Treatment for chikungunya

Symptomatic relief :-drugs to reduce pain swelling and fever

Use mosquito repellent on exposed skin

Wear long sleeves shirts and pants

Have a secure screens on windows and doors to keep mosquitoes out

Get rid of mosquitoes breeding sites by empty standing water from flower pot so buckets and barrel change the water and pet dishes and replace the water in birds baths weekly

Why should a person with chicken guniya fever should do

Limit there is exposer to mosquitoes bites in order to avoid furthers spreading of the infection

Should stay indoors and under mosquito net

Prevention of chikungunya

Mosquito control gambusia fish

amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery)

An infection of the large intestine caused by a protozoan entamoeba histolytica

Mode of transmission of amoebic dysentery

They are spread by food or water contaminated by flies carrying germs cyst from human faeces

Symptoms of amoebiasis dysentery

1 intermittent aur profuse diarrhoea with blood and mucus alternating with constipation

Flatulence and abdominal cramping

Palpable tender ascending colon aur right iliac pain

Liver abscess in extreme cases manifested by fever sweating and weight loss

Prevention and treatment of dysentery

Proper personal hygiene

Adequate rest and replacement of lost fluids

Use of anti amoebic drugs like metronidazole tinidazole Furamide

Aspiration of liver abscess if it is written to burst and there is no response to chemotherapy

Avoid contaminated food and water

Filariasis elephantiasis

A major tropical infectious disease

Mode of transmission

Through the bite of culex mosquitoes

Name the causative agent of filariasis

Filarial worms (wuchereria bancrofti and w malayi

Where are filarial worms found in human

Lymphatic system

Connective tissues

Circulating blood at night

Name the two host of the parasite

Primary host is a man

Secondary host is culex mosquitoes

Microfilaria

Long larvae which is very active colorless transparent creatures with a blunt head and rather pointed tale

How are microfilaria transmitted to mosquito

Microfilaria are discharge into lim vessel and soon pass into blood vessel then Shabd up by mosquitoes along with host blood the larvae pass to the stomach of the insect and then to the thoracic muscle

Structure of metamorphosed larvae

Short sausage saved structure with short spiny tale

Symptoms of filariasis

Fever with chills in acute cases

Incredible enlargement of limb scrotum and mammae in chronic cases

Legs make becomes swollen and resemble those of an elephant hands elephantasis

Inflammation of lymph vessels and lymph gland

Treatment and prevention for filariasis

1 eradication of the vector

Anti allegerics and short term diuretic therapy

Diethyl carbamazine citrate in reducing microfilariae

Large swellings can be removed by surgery

Adolescence

The period between the beginning of the sexual maturation and entry into adult life

Period of rapid physical mental and emotional development between childhood and adulthood

Tobacco is derived from

Nicotiana tabacum

N.rustica

Physiological action of tobacco

Passage of nerve impulse

Causes muscles to relax and release adrenaline that increase both blood pressure and heartbeat rate

Effect of tobacco tar

Lungs cancer

Health hazard of cigarette smokers

Cancer of larynx oesophagus* and bladder coronary artery disease and chronic bronchitis

Health hazard by tobacco chewing

Cancer of oral cavity carbon monoxide present in the smoke reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

Additional disease caused by tobacco

Emphysema gastric and duodenal ulcers

Effect of smoking on unborn child

Produce smaller babies

Lyrics of dying at birth or during the first week of life

Withdrawal symptoms of tobacco

Irritability craving cognitive attentional deflicit sleep disturbance increased appetitea

Define drug

Refer to any chemical substance which when taken alters the way the body functions

Why are drug known as mood altering drugs

The psycho tropic drugs act on the brain and alter behaviours consciousness and power of reception

Hypnotics

The drug that induce artificial but normal sleep

Sedatives

Saturday or drugs that produce a caming effect brings about a state of physical and mental comfort accompanied by reduction or even suppression of mental activity and finally leading to complete suppression of consciousness

Cocaine and opium

Narcotice narcotics

The drug which cause depression of central nervous system and produce sleepiness contain powerful alkaloids that are deleterious even in small amounts but in larger dosage produced stupor(suspension of sensibility) coma aur convulsion and finally result incomplete paralysis and after death

Tranquilliser

The drug which bring about mental tranquility by relieving anxiety and tension without affecting consciousness they are often used to remove or reduce abnormal feeling and expression in a patient without inducing sleep or affecting consciousness

Examples of tranquilizer

Derivatives of benzodiazepime diazepam oxazepam chlordiazepoxide etc

Stimulants

Are the drug that stimulate The nervous system they produce feelings of excitement essence of well being increased self confidence and flow of Idea

Example of stimulant

Cocaine amphetamine

Hallucinogens

Produce initial cerebral excitation or stimulation accompanied by illusion hallucination fantastic coloured visions unusual assument and fear and later in 10 cerebral depression

Ultra The personality distort mind awareness of memory power of observation ability to reason are impaired

Name the hallucinogen hempplant

Cannabis sativa

Name the chemical of the most potent hallucinogen

Lysergic acid diethlylamide LSD

Opioids

It is the narcotic drugs that act by binding two specific opioid receptors present in the central nervous system and gastro intestinal tract

What does opioids do

Acts as a depressant and effect pain perception and consciousness

Example of opioids

Morphine heroin

Source of morphine

Latex of opium poppy plant

Nature of morphine

Sedative and analgesic (pain killer)

Medical use of morphine

Used to relief severe pain especially post surgical pain

Act on the central nervous system to reduce pain sensation

Common name of a heroin and chemical name

Smack

Diacetylmorphine

How are heroine prepared

Formed by acetylation of morphine

Physical nature of heroin

White odourless bitter and crystal line compound

Mode of intake of heroin

Snorting and intravenous injection

Effect of heroin

Powerful depressant slow down bodily functions and cause high addiction potential

Cannabinoid

Are group of chemicals that interact with cannabinoid receptor mainly present in the brain

Source of cannabinoid

Inflorescence of cannabis sativa

Mode of intake of cannabinoid

Inhalation and oral ingestion

Effects of canonoid

Effect cardiovascular system and alter brain function

Cocaine source

Obtain from the plant erythroxylem coca native to South America

Common name of cocaine

Coke crack

Mode of intake

Snorting

Mechanism of action of cocaine

Interferes with the transport of neurotransmitted dopamine

Powerful stimulant produce Euphoria and increase energy

Excessive those cause hallucination

Drug abuse

Use of drugs for non medicinal purposal or an excessive amounts leading to impairment of a physical physiological or a physiological functions

Wearable and warning sign in youth

Poor academic performance

Absent from school and college

Negle to personal hygiene

Withdrawal and isolation

Depression fatigue and aggression

Rebellious behaviour

Disturb sleep and eating habit

Effects of anabolic steroid in female

Masculinisation increased aggressiveness moves wings depression abnormal menstrual cycle excessive hair growth on the face and body enlargement of clistoris beeping of boys

Effect of anabolic steroids in male

Acne increase aggressiveness

Mood swings

Depression

Reduction of the size of the testicle

Depressed sperm production

Kidney and liver dysfunction

Breast enlargement

Premature baldness