History Midterm 2.0

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the U.S. (1865-1869), who took office after Lincoln's assassination. He opposed Radical Reconstruction and was impeached but not removed from office.

Thaddeus Stevens

A leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress who advocated for strong Reconstruction policies and civil rights for freed slaves.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general and 18th President (1869-1877) who oversaw Reconstruction and fought against the Ku Klux Klan.

Horatio Seymour

Democratic candidate in the 1868 presidential election, who lost to Grant.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A leading industrialist who built wealth through railroads and shipping during the Gilded Age.

Sitting Bull

A Lakota Sioux leader who resisted U.S. government policies and played a role in the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Booker T. Washington

African American leader who advocated for vocational education and economic self-reliance over immediate civil rights.

Henry Ford

Founder of Ford Motor Company and pioneer of mass production using the assembly line.

Jane Addams

Social reformer who founded Hull House, which provided aid to immigrants and the poor.

Karl Marx

Philosopher and economist whose ideas on socialism and communism influenced labor movements.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President (1901-1909), known for his progressive reforms and leadership in the Spanish-American War.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary whose assassination in 1914 triggered World War I.

Alice Paul

Women's rights activist who played a key role in securing the 19th Amendment, granting women the right to vote.

Eleanor Roosevelt

First Lady (1933-1945) and an advocate for civil rights, women's rights, and social justice.

Herbert Hoover

31st President (1929-1933), blamed for the Great Depression due to his response to economic collapse.

African American politics

The political participation and struggles of Black Americans, especially post-Reconstruction.

Post-slavery black family

The structure and adaptation of Black families after emancipation.

Black codes

Laws passed in the South after the Civil War to restrict African American freedoms.

Freedmen's Bureau

A federal agency created to assist freed slaves with education, jobs, and housing.

North/South economies

The industrial North versus the agricultural South, shaping post-war recovery.

Radical Republicans

A group in Congress advocating for harsh Reconstruction policies and full civil rights for freed slaves.

Redeemers

Southern Democrats who sought to regain political control and reverse Reconstruction reforms.

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born in the U.S.

15th Amendment

Prohibited denying the right to vote based on race.

Civil Rights Act

Various laws passed to enforce equal rights and combat racial discrimination.

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist group that used terror to oppose Reconstruction and Black civil rights.

Robber Barons

Wealthy industrialists accused of unethical business practices.

Gilded Age

Late 19th century period of rapid economic growth and political corruption.

Tenements

Overcrowded urban housing for poor immigrants and workers.

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 law aimed at breaking up monopolies and restricting anti-competitive business practices.

Lynching

Extrajudicial killings, often racially motivated, particularly against African Americans.

Dawes Act

1887 law that aimed to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into private ownership.

Populism

Political movement advocating for farmers and common people against elites.

Westward migration

Movement of settlers westward, often displacing Native Americans.

Homestead Act

1862 law granting land to settlers willing to farm it.

Wounded Knee

Site of the 1890 massacre of Lakota Sioux by U.S. troops.

Grandfather Clause

Law used to disenfranchise Black voters by restricting voting to those whose ancestors had voting rights.

Poll Tax

A tax required to vote, used to disenfranchise Black voters.

Literacy tests

Reading tests used to prevent Black Americans from voting.

Convict leasing/labor

System where prisoners were leased for labor, often as a way to continue slavery-like conditions.

Plessy vs. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case upholding segregation under 'separate but equal.'

Immigration Restriction League

Group advocating for limiting immigration, particularly from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Progressives

Reformers seeking to address social and political problems, including corruption and labor rights.

Unionizing

Organizing workers to demand better wages and conditions.

Consumerism

Culture of increased buying and consumption, especially in the 20th century.

Americanization

The process of assimilating immigrants into American culture.

Muller vs. Oregon

1908 Supreme Court case that upheld restrictions on women's working hours.

Knights of Labor

Early labor union advocating for workers' rights.

Anarchists

Political activists opposed to government, sometimes using violent means.

Socialism

Economic and political system advocating for collective ownership of resources.

Haymarket Square

1886 labor protest in Chicago that turned violent.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

1911 factory fire that led to workplace safety reforms.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices.

Margaret Sanger

Advocate for birth control and women's reproductive rights.

Anthony Comstock

Moral crusader against obscene materials and birth control.

Birth Control

Movement advocating for reproductive rights and contraceptive access.

Gender double standard

The different societal expectations placed on men and women.

Spanish-American War

1898 war between the U.S. and Spain, leading to U.S. control of territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

Election of 1916

Presidential election where Woodrow Wilson won re-election, partly due to keeping the U.S. out of WWI.

War Industries Board

Government agency that coordinated industrial production during WWI.

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol in the U.S.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote.

Sedition Act

Law limiting speech against the government during wartime.

Espionage Act

Law criminalizing anti-war activities and dissent.

1919 - Chaos

Year of labor strikes, racial violence, and the first Red Scare.

Red Scare

Fear of communism, leading to crackdowns on suspected radicals.

League of Nations

International organization created after WWI to maintain peace.

Welfare Capitalism

Business strategies to provide worker benefits to prevent unionization.

Flapper

1920s women challenging social norms with fashion and behavior.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Created to insure bank deposits and restore trust in banking.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

New Deal policy to stabilize farm prices.

Glass-Steagall Act

Banking reform law separating commercial and investment banking.

Emergency Banking Act

1933 law that helped stabilize the banking system.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

New Deal program that provided jobs in public works projects.

Fireside Chats

Radio broadcasts where FDR spoke directly to Americans, explaining policies and reassuring the public during the Great Depression and WWII.

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms (1933–1939) aimed at economic recovery during the Great Depression.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Outlawed segregation and discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Banned literacy tests and other discriminatory voting restrictions used to suppress Black voters.

Fair Housing Act (1968)

Prohibited housing discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, or sex.

Frankland D. Roosevelt

32nd President of the United States, known for implementing the New Deal during the Great Depression.