AP World History Chapter 28, 30 & 33 Test

British was the ____ to establish colonies in India

First to establish a colony in India

Congress party and Indian National Congress

Congress Party: Loyal to british, upper class Brahman caste, interests of elites (like themselves)

Indian National Congress: Reforms, against WW2, Muslims were eager to join WW2 though

Partition of India

Along religious lines, violence = Muslim Pakistan and Secular India. Then Pakistan partitions and Bangladesh forms out of it.

Nehru and Policies

Followed non-alignment in cold war, tried exploiting either side, leans more towards Soviet Union though. India under Nehru preserves democracy and civil rights.

Jinnah

Head of Muslim league, favored partition (with Pakistan being created)

Atlantic Charter

FDR and Churchill say that people get to choose government under which they live (self-determination). This is a factor leading to nationalism in colonies b/c they essentially got told that they can rid of their governments that they don't like.

Muslim League

Muslim political party in India, allied to Brits, headed by Jinnah, favored partition.

Kashmir

Disputed state in North India between India and Pakistan. Is a nuclear hotspot (possibility of conflict when both sides have nuclear weapons)

British colonies in South Asia

Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka

Indira Gandhi

Nehru's daughter, assassinated by a Sikh extremist

Apartheid

Strict racial segregation in South Africa

Afrikaner National Party’s creation

Starts apartheid

Independence movement in Algeria

Violent, massive white settler population.

Independence movement in Kenya

The leader is Jomo Kenyatta

Independence movement in Ghana

The leader is Kwame Nkrumah. He crushes opposition, economic programs fail, later ousted from power. *Ghana was aka the Gold Coast and it had nothing to do with the ancient kingdom of Ghana from the 800s.

Mandela

Main South African nationalist leader, against apartheid, arrested, becomes 1st black president in South Africa.

F.W de Klerk

White guy! Moderate Afrikaner, frees Mandela.

Barriers to growth (Africa)

Poverty, slums, population growth. The following contribute to population growth: Europeans outlaw birth control, famine reduction, lack of education (?), social status of men, extending family lines.

Result of population growth (Africa)

Mass migration into cities.

African National Congress (ANC)

Modeled after the INC in India, looked for decolonization in Africa and black suffrage.

Economic problems in Africa

Few skilled workers and unequal distribution of wealth.

Third world problems

Slums, lack of industry, cash crop reliant, military takeovers, deforestation, desertification (like Sahara growing), pollution, poor farming techniques, depletion of soil, and diseases.

Neocolonialism

Economic dependency on the mother country.

Effect of AIDS in Latin America compared to other nations

a bigger problem in Latin America than in Africa

India vs China comparison

India fights against a foreign power, Britain. China has a civil war vs. the emperor.

Homelands

land designated for main ethno-linguistic groups.

INC & Young Turks

They both make reforms to combat imperialism

Oil

Despite economic issues, discovery of oil helps a bit.

Nationalist Party

Afrikaners. They dominate South African government, white supremacy.

Desmond Tutu

Worked with Mandela against apartheid.

How does South Africa suppress dissent?

Arresting, favoritism to others, spies, police.

Europeans setting borders in Africa

They disregard culture and diversity. **African leaders keep these boundaries though, to not encourage minority independence movements.