Chapter 11: emotions, aggression, and stress

What does cortisol influence during the stress response? A) Heart rate and blood pressure only B) Energy stores and immune function C) Only immune function D) Respiratory rate

Energy stores and immune function

Q: What is the primary function of epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal glands during stress? A) Decrease heart rate B) Decrease blood pressure C) Increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing D) Decrease energy stores

increases heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

acts on the outer adrenal glands to release cortisol.

ACTH

The hypothalamus signals the anterior pituitary to release _______ during stress.

ACTH

During stress, the adrenal gland releases _______ and _______ to increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.

epinephrine norepinephrine

T/F: Cortisol works in a feedback mechanism on the hypothalamus.

True

T/F: Cortisol only affects energy stores and not immune function.

Fase

T/F: The hypothalamus signals the anterior pituitary to release ACTH during stress.

True

T/F: The adrenal glands release epinephrine and norepinephrine to decrease heart rate and blood pressure.

False

T/F: Sympathetic activation during stress is part of the “fight or flight” response.

True; it prepares the body for immediate action by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy availability.

What role does cortisol play in the stress response?

Cortisol influences energy stores, immune function, and operates in a feedback mechanism on the hypothalamus.

What does ACTH do in the stress response?

ACTH acts on the outer adrenal glands to release cortisol.

What hormone does the hypothalamus signal the anterior pituitary to release in response to stress?

The hypothalamus signals the anterior pituitary to release ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).

What role does the adrenal gland play in the stress response?

The adrenal gland releases epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.

What bodily responses are associated with stress?

Stress is associated with immune function and sympathetic activation, which is part of the “fight or flight” response.

What condition is suggested to contribute to some forms of violence and aggression in psychopaths? A) Temporal lobe disorders, including seizures B) Excessive serotonin levels C) Overactive amygdala D) Reduced dopamine production

Temporal lobe disorders including seizures

What do PET scans and MRIs suggest about the brain activity of psychopaths? A) Increased prefrontal cortex activity B) Reduced prefrontal cortex activity C) No significant change in brain activity D) Increased temporal lobe activity

reduced prefrontal cortex activity

Research using PET scans and MRIs suggests reduced activity in the _______ cortex, which may explain impulsive behavior.

prefrontal

Psychopaths often display emotions outside of the norm, including _______ behaviors and acts of _______.

impulsive, violence

T/F: Many believe that aggression and violence can be reduced by addressing the biological problem.

T

T/F: Temporal lobe disorders, including seizures, are suggested causes for some forms of violence and aggression.

T

T/F: PET scans and MRIs show increased activity in the prefrontal cortex in psychopaths.

F

T/F: Psychopaths view violence in the same way as most people in society.

F

T/F: Psychopaths often display impulsive behaviors and acts of violence.

T

What is the belief about aggression and violence in relation to brain function?

Many believe that aggression and violence are a direct result of abnormal brain function and could be reduced if the biological problem were addressed.

What are some suggested causes for certain forms of violence and aggression in psychopaths?

Temporal lobe disorders, including temporal lobe seizures, have been suggested as potential causes.

What does research using PET scans and MRIs suggest about psychopaths?

PET scans and MRIs suggest reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex, which may explain their impulsive behavior.

How do psychopaths view violence compared to the norm of society?

Psychopaths often view violence somewhat differently compared to societal norms.

How are psychopaths often described in terms of their behavior?

Psychopaths can be very charming and intelligent, but they often display emotions outside of the norm, including impulsive behaviors and acts of violence.

What happens when testosterone levels are restored in mice? A) Aggression increases B) Aggression decreases C) No change in behavior D) Sleep patterns are affected

aggression increase

What is the effect of removing the source of testosterone in mice? A) Increases aggression B) Reduces aggression C) Has no effect on aggression D) Causes depression

reduces agression

In mice, restoring testosterone levels results in the restoration of _______ behavior.

agressive

Removing the source of testosterone in mice usually _______ aggression.

reduces

T/F: The relationship between testosterone and aggression in humans is well understood.

false

T/F: Removing the source of testosterone in mice increases aggression.

false

T/F: Testosterone plays a role in increasing aggression.

true

Is the relationship between testosterone and aggression in humans clear?

no, it is not clear.

What happens when testosterone levels are restored in mice?

Aggressive behavior is restored when testosterone levels are restored.

What happens in mice when the source of testosterone is removed?

Reemoving the source of testosterone usually reduces aggression.

What is aggression? A) A behavior intended to do harm to others. B) A reaction to happiness. C) A defensive strategy against predators. D) A form of communication between animals.

a behavior intended to do harm to others

In humans, _______ are much more likely than _______ to display acts of aggression

males, females

T/F: Aggression in the animal kingdom is used solely for mating.

false(its also used for feeding)

Are acts of aggression common in the animal kingdom?

Yes, acts of aggression are typical among animals and are used for various purposes, including mating and feeding.

When can females display aggression?

Females (both animals and humans) can be aggressive, especially when defending their young.

Are males or females more likely to display acts of aggression?

Males are much more likely than females to display acts of aggression.

Q: Which of the following brain structures is less active when experiencing "love"? A) Insula B) Anterior cingulate cortex C) Amygdala D) Hippocampus

Amygdala

Q: What happens when sodium amytal is injected into the right hemisphere of the brain? A) It leads to depressive-like symptoms. B) It induces euphoria and smiling. C) It causes sadness and loss of interest. D) It results in aggressive behavior.

includes euphoria and smiling

Q: "Love" activates the _______ and anterior cingulate cortex, with reduced activity in the _______.

insulation, amygdala

Damage to the _______ hemisphere tends to produce more depressive-like states.

left

T/F: The amygdala is less active during the experience of "love."

T

/F: There is a distinct "happy center" and "sad center" in the brain.

F

T/F: There is a distinct "happy center" and "sad center" in the brain.

F

T/F: The left side of the face appears more emotional in terms of facial expressions.

T

T/F: Damage to the right hemisphere of the brain results in more depressive-like states.

F

What parts of the brain are activated during "love"?

The insula and anterior cingulate cortex are activated, while the amygdala shows reduced activity.

Is there a specific "happy" or "sad" center in the brain?

No, there is no specific "happy" or "sad" center in the brain; emotions involve complex circuitry with much overlap

What has been observed about the asymmetry of facial expressions in relation to brain hemispheres?

The left side of the face tends to appear more "emotional."

What effect does injecting sodium amytal into the right hemisphere have?

It elicits smiling and euphoria.

What happens when the right hemisphere is damaged?

Damage to the right hemisphere tends to result in being cheerful and indifferent to loss.

What happens when the left hemisphere is damaged?

Damage to the left hemisphere tends to produce more depressive-like states.

How do the cerebral hemispheres process emotion differently? The left hemisphere is associated with more ____-______ _______, while the right hemisphere tends to result in _____ __ ______ ______ __ _____.

depressive-like states, cheerful and indifferent responses to loss

What does damage to the amygdala result in, as seen in Kluver-Bucy syndrome? A) Increased fear and aggression B) Reduced fear and aggression C) Complete loss of emotional experience D) Increased pleasure sensations

Reduced fear and aggression

Q: Which of the following brain structures is a key mediator of fear? A) Hippocampus B) Amygdala C) Nucleus accumbens D) Cingulate cortex

Amygdala

Q: The limbic system, also known as the Papez circuit, includes structures like the mammillary bodies, anterior thalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and _____.

Fornix

Q: The nucleus accumbens is associated with _______ and pleasure sensations.

reward

T/F: Kluver-Bucy syndrome results in increased aggression and fear.

F

T/F: The amygdala can receive fear-related sensory information from the thalamus without going through the sensory cortex.

T

T/F: the limbic system is only involved in processing fear

F

T/F: The nucleus accumbens is associated with pleasure and reward sensations.

zt

How does the amygdala contribute to the mediation of fear?

The amygdala can receive sensory information related to fear directly from the thalamus, bypassing the sensory cortex for immediate reactions to fear stimuli.

What condition results from damage to or removal of the amygdala, leading to reduced fear and aggression?

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

What structures are part of the limbic system (Papez circuit)?

Maxillary bodies, anterior thalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and fornix

From where does the nucleus accumbens receive dopaminergic input?

the ventral segmental area (VTA) of the midbrain

What brain structure is associated with reward and pleasure sensations and is a major target for drugs of abuse?

nucleus accumbent

Q: How are facial expressions used by nonhuman primates compared to humans? A) They are more complex and ambiguous. B) They play a more direct role in social interactions, including mating. C) They are only used for emotional expression. D) They are interpreted similarly by humans and animals.

they play a more direct role in social interactions, including mating

Q: The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that certain facial expressions can actually influence our _______ or state of mind.

mood

T/F: The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that simulating positive facial expressions can improve mood

T

T/F: Facial expressions in nonhuman primates are often interpreted in a more complex way than in humans.

F

T/F: According to the facial feedback hypothesis, simulating a frown leads to more positive feelings.

F

Are facial expressions exhibited by both humans and nonhuman primates?

yes, both humans and nonhuman primates exhibit facial expressions that convey emotions.

What happens when people simulate a smile compared to simulating a frown, according to the facial feedback hypothesis?

People who simulate a smile report more positive feelings than those who simulate a frown.

What does the facial feedback hypothesis suggest?

It suggests that certain facial expressions can influence our mood or state of mind.

According to the James-Lange theory, do our sensations inform us about our emotions?

Yes, the theory suggests that our sensations (physiological responses) inform us of our emotions.

Do all researchers agree with the number of basic emotions proposed in the theory?

No, most do not agree with the number of basic emotions

What does the theory suggest about how other emotions arise?

Other emotions arise from various combinations of the 8 basic emotions.

According to one theory, how are the 8 basic emotions grouped?

They are grouped into 4 pairs of opposites: joy/sadness, affection/disgust, anger/fear, and expectation/surprise.

Q: What is a factor that contributes to the complexity of facial expressions in communication? A) They are universal across cultures. B) Some people are more expressive than others. C) They always match the underlying emotion. D) They are only used in extreme emotional states.

some people are more expressive than others

Q: Which of the following is not one of the pairs of opposites in the theory of 8 basic emotions? A) Joy/Sadness B) Affection/Disgust C) Hope/Regret D) Anger/Fear

Hope/regret

Q: While facial expressions are interpreted similarly across many cultures, they are not _______.

universal

Q: One theory suggests there are 8 basic emotions, grouped in 4 pairs of opposites: joy/sadness, affection/disgust, _______/fear, and expectation/surprise.

anger

T/F: Some people are naturally more facially expressive than others.

T

T/F: Facial expressions are considered universal across all cultures.

False

T/F: The theory suggests that joy and sadness are examples of opposites in basic emotions.

True

Which one is Cannon-Bard theory(A) and which one is James Lange theory(B): autonomic arousal ENHANCES emotional experience Emotions involve BOTH arousal and cognitive processing

A-2. B-1

Q: According to the information, why don't autonomic responses fully explain emotions? A) They are too slow. B) They cannot account for why different situations evoke different emotions. C) They always suppress emotions. D) They only explain fear

they cannot account for why different situations evoke a different emotions

Q: Which theory emphasizes that the autonomic nervous system can enhance emotions? A) Cannon-Bard Theory B) Schachter-Singer Theory C) James-Lange Theory D) Lazarus Theory

Lazarus theory

Q: Social factors, like other people’s _______ , can influence the emotion we experience.

emotions

Q: Emotions are linked to physiological _______ and cognitive _______ of that arousal.

arousal, interpretation

T/F: Autonomic responses fully explain why we feel different emotions in different situations.

F

T/F: The autonomic nervous system can enhance emotions, supporting the James-Lange theory.

T