Motor Development Test 2

Definition of Aging

progressive process leading to physical and mental decline, increased risk of disease, and eventually death

chronological aging

Persons age. Does not account of health factors

Biological Aging

to the physiological adaptions that occur withing the body due to the passage of time

Current physical activity recommendations

150 minutes of moderate intensity activity per week

75 minutes of vigorous intensity activity per week

Agesim

stereotyping people based on age

Environmental Barriers

weather, unattended dogs, safety

Financial Barriers

when someone is unable to afford to access something because they are unable payments needed to pay it.

Physical Limitations

physical health characteristics that inhibit one's physical abilities and that must be considered in the development of a fitness program

Barriers for higher socioeconomic status

facilties, time, transport

Barriers for lower socioeconomic status

health condition, safety, facilities

5 stages model of self regulation

1. Problem Identification

2. Commitment

3. Execuion

4. Enviromental Management Stage

5. Generalization Stage

When does performance decline at a slow or moderate rate

30-50 yrs

When does performance decline at a steeper rate

50-60 years

When is the reduction of performance significant

after 70

gait

a person's manner of walking

monozygotic twins

identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo

dizygotic twins

twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time

conjoined twins

Monozygotic twins who are born physically joined to one another.

sigmoid curve

an S-shaped pattern of change

distance curve

plots the average size of a sample of children at each age, indicating typical yearly progress toward maturity

Velocity Curve

plots the average amount of growth at each yearly interval, revealing the exact timing of growth spurts

Peak height velocity

the point at which the adolescent is growing most rapidly

Constraints to growth curves

- differeing growth rates

-Puberty either early or late

- etc

body system constraints

Skelatal system

Process of removing old bone

resorpton

Osgood-Schlatter disease

a painful disruption of growth of the upper shinbone where the patella tendon attatches

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease

an irritation of the femur where it inserts into the hip

Percentage of muscular system

25% of total weight at birth, at maturity 54% for males and 45% for females

Hyperplasia

increase in the number of muscle fibers

hypertrophy

increase in the relative size or volume of muscle fibers

Atrophy

decrease in size of muscle fibers

Flexibility

The ability to move your body parts through their full range of motion

When does flexibility peak

age 15, males 2 years earlier

Heart rate

measure of cardiac effort at rest

Submaximal Heart rate

measure of cardiac effort during moderate exercise

Maximal Heart Rate

measure of cardiac effort during maximal effort

What is resting HR at birth

140 beats/min

VO2 max

Maximum oxygen uptake; most oxygen used when working the hardest you can

Visuomotor Coordination

Ability to visually track a moving object

Figure Ground Perception

Ability to separate an object from the background

Depth Perception

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

Auditory Figure-Ground Perception

ability to ignore background noise while attending to particular sounds

Proprioception

our sense of body position

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Declarative knowledge

factual and conceptual information stored in memory that can influence he development and execution of skilled movement

ex) knowing the difference between an overhand and underhand throw

Procedural Knowledge

Knowing how to do something. Underlies an action and includes anticipation, decision making and response selection

ex) catching a ball that is influenced by trajectory, speed, and size of the ball

Metacognitive Knowledge

higher level of declarative knowledge about how one learns. Personal Reflection on ones knowledge

ex) when you realize that you must study in a quiet enviroment to do well on a test

Metacognitive Skill

a higher level of procedural knowledge that is particularly important in selecting and planning goal directed learning

ex) a swimmer may know that their kick in the breaststroke is fine but they may need to work on their arm action

Cognitive Constraints

Refers to the mental process involved in thinking and aquiring new knowledge

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor

2. preoperational

3. concrete operational

4. formal operational

sensorimotor stage

0-2 yrs, sensory experience and movement coordinate to act on the world to generate knowledge

preoperational stage

2-7 yrs, thinking is symbolic but egocentric and often illogical from an adult perspective. Parallel play moves to cooperate play

concrete operational stage

7-11yrs, thinking is logical but restricted to events and experineces, see or heard

formal operational stage

11+, logical thinking can now extend to ideas and hypothesis

Attentional Capacity

The amount of information in short-term memory to which one can attend.

Structural Interference

Physical structure limits an individual's actions, Ex: typing while catching a ball would cause this to happen

Cognitive interference

when multiple activities are performed, any decrement that occurs is the result of limited capacity

Concurrent Multitasking

engaging in multiple tasks at the same time

serial multitasking

switching between tasks quickl

background multitasking

allows one task to run in the background while a person focuses on another task

Cognitive multitasking

involves handling or thinking about multiple cognitive tasks simultaneously

Episodic memory

remembering personal events, going back in time

Semantic Memory

general knowledge built from life experiences and learning

What are the chances of having monozygotic twins?

3 in 1000

The process of new bone forming is called what

remodeling

Peak bone mass occurs in the early ________ for males and early _______ for females

20s/30s

Who is at the highest risk of osteoperosis

thin women under 127lbs, caucasuian and asian

What is the curvature of the upper spine

kyphosis

The amount of muscle tissue loss that will occur regardless of PA, due to aging

sarcopenia

VO2 max begins to decline following young adulthood by what percentage every decade on average

10%

What is it called when the fibers of a neuron become twisted with one another

Neurfibirally tangles

Where are the five blue zones

Italy

Japan

Costa Rica

California

Greece