PERSPECTIVES IN DEVPSYCH

psychoanalytic perspective

unconscious emotions and drives

learning perspective

studies observable behavior

cognitive perspectives

studies thought process

contextual perspective

emphasis on the impact of historical, social and cultural context

evolutionary perspective

evolutionary and biological unfderpinnings of behavior

signmund freud

View of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior.

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

freud’s psychosexual theory of development

oral stage (0-1yr)

pleasure focused on mouth

anal stage (1-3yr)

pleasure focused on anus, toilet training

phallic stage (3-6yr)

awareness of genitals, oedipus/electra conflict

latency stage (6-12yr)

repression of sexual interest

genital stage (adolescence+)

sexual maturity

fixations

are caused by the over or under gratification of erogenous zone.

Oral Fixation

can manifest in over-eating, exesive talking, biting nails, smoking, etc

anal retentive

manifests in typa-a personalities (organized/perfectiuonists), while Anal Expulsive manifests as type b (untidy stubborn, disorganized)

phallic fixation

manifests in a person either overindulging in or avoiding sex, or sexual identity confusion

erik erikson

modified and extended Freudian theory by emphasizing the influence of society on the developing personality.

trust vs mistrust

infancy stage, virtue hope

autonomy vs shame and dooubt

toddlerhood stage, virtue will

initiative vs guilt

early childhood stage, virtue purpose

industry vs inferiority

middle childhood stage, virtue competence

identity vs role confusion

adolescence stage, virtue fidelity

intimacy vs isolation

young adulthood stage, virtue love

generativity vs stagnation

middle adulthood stage, virtue care

integrity vs despair

late adulthood stage, virtue wisdom

crisis in personality

major psychosocial challenge that is particularly important at that time and will remain an issue to some degree throughout the rest of life

behaviorism

learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavior

ivan pavlov

classical conditioning using associative learning

b.f. skinner

Learning based on the association of behavior with its consequences, operant conditioning

reinforcement

increases likelihood of behavior

punishment

decreases likelihood of behavior

albert bandura

made the bobo doll experiment that showed that children imitateaggression simply by watching others

bandura’s social learning theory

Learning based on the association of behavior with its consequences

observational learning

learn by watching and imitating

reciprocal determinism

person and environment influence each other

jean piaget

made the stages of cognitive development

assimilation

fitting new information into existing schemes

accomodation

changing schemes to fit new information

equilibration

balancing assimilation and accomodation for stability

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

piaget’s stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor (0-2yr)

learning through senses, object permanence

preoperational (2-7yr)

symbolic thought, egocentrism, lack of logical reasoning

concrete operational (7-11yr)

logical reasoning with concrete objects, conservation

formal operational (12+)

abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking

lev vygotsky

made the sociocultural perspective of cognitive development perspective

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

gap between what child can do alone vs with guidance

scaffolding

temporary support that helps child master new tasks

microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

bronfenbrenner’s ecological model

microsystem

everyday environment of home, school, work, or neighborhood

mesosytem

interlocking of various microsystem

like linkage between home and school such as parent-teacher conference

exosystem

interactions between a microsystem and an outside system or institution

macrosystem

overarching culture patterns, such as dominant beliefs, ideologies, and economic and political systems

chronosystem

the dimension of time: change or constancy in the person and theenvironment