Unit 5: Revolutions

17th and 18th centuries -

17th and 18th centuries -

humankind in relation to government

Divine Right:

church allied with strong monarchs, monarchs believed they were ordained by God to rule - people had moral/religious obligation too obey

the enlightenment was Question of

ultimate authority

Mandate of Heaven in China -

had to rule justly to be appreciated in heaven

Social contract:

governments not formed by divine decree, but to meet social and economic needs

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679):

government should preserve peace/stability - all powerful rule who ruled heavy-handed

John Locke (1632-1704):

men are all born equal, mankind is good and rational - primary role of government was to secure and guarantee natural rights and revolting is justified if not

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778):

all men are equal, society organized according to general will of people - government is protection by community and both being free

Voltaire (1694-1778):

espoused idea of religious toleration

Montesquieu (1689-1775):

separation of powers among branches of government

David Hume (1711-1776):

lack of empirical evidence casts doubt on religion

Adam Smith (1723-1790):

an “invisible hand” will regulate economy if it is left alone

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797):

women should have political rights, including voting and holding office

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804):

knowledge exists beyond what is deduced from use of only observation or only reason

Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794):

criminals retain some rights and state should not practice cruel punishment

Enlightened monarchs:

utilized ideas of tolerance, justice, improving quality of life

Neoclassical Period:

middle of 18th century - imitated style of ancient Greek/Roman architecture

British defeated France over American territory -

French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War

French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War

pushed France to northern territory

american revolution

Americans revolting against British rulership

British passed laws on behalf of

Crown for the American colonizers (George Grenville, Charles Townshend)

Revenue Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), Tea Act (1773) intended to

raise funds for British government

Colonizers opposed these laws and

began battling British troops shortly after

Boston Tea Party (1773)

colonists dumping imported tea in harbour to protest Tea Act

Thomas Paine:

wrote Common Sense, encouraging colonizers to form a better government than the monarchy

Common sense was written, 6 months later

the Declaration of Independence was signed

France joined forces with Americans in 1777 and

defeated the British in 1781 and the American democracy was created

France was running out of money from monarch spending, wars, and droughts

Louis XVI proposed raising taxes to the Estates-General

Estates-General

governing body infrequently called by the kings

First Estate:

clergy

Second Estate:

noble families

Third Estate:

everyone else

Representatives from

each estate

Third Estate was facing being shut out of new constitution

formed National Assembly in 1789 out of protest and peasants stormed the Bastille shortly after

Declaration of the Rights of Man

adopted by National Assembly in 1789 and caused big changes in French government structure

Established a constitutional monarchy at first, but new constitution development led to the Convention being the new ruling body

France become a republic (led by Jacobins who later beheaded the king)

Convention threw out

constitution again and created Committee of Public Safety

Committee of Public Safety

enforcer of revolution and murdered any anti-revolution people led by Maximilien Robespierre

French beheaded Robespierre in 1795 and established

another new constitution with the Directory as the government

Built up military, with

Napoleon Bonaparte as one of the generals

Napoleon overthrew the Directory in 1799 - Napoleonic Codes (1804)

recognized equality of men, dissolved the Holy Roman Empire with French military and fought other countries who eventually met to overthrow him (Prince von Metternich, Alexander I of Russia, Duke of Wellington)

Defeated him at Waterloo in 1813 and met at

Congress of Vienna to discuss what to do with France

congress of vienna

Balance of power should be maintained among powers of Europe

congress of vienna tried to

erase French Revolution

France enslaved many Haitians, who eventually

revolted successfully, led by Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture

Jacques Dessalines, a former slave, became

governor-general in 1804

Napoleon invaded Spain and

appointed his brother Joseph Bonaparte to the throne

Colonists ejected French governor and appointed own leader in Venezuela, Simón Bolívar, who eventually

helped them declare independence from Spain in 1811

Established a national congress, but was also opposed by

Spanish royalists, who declared a civil war

Bolívar won freedom for

Gran Colombia (Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela)

José de San Martin:

took command of Argentinian, Chilean, Peruvian armies, and defeated many Spanish forces to also declare independence from Spain

John VI of Portugal fled to Brazil when

Napoleon invaded Portugal

John VI’s son, Pedro became the emperor of Brazil and

declared it independent with a constitution

His son Pedro II took over and

abolished slavery

priest Miguel Hidalgo led a revolt against

Spanish rule in 1810, who was later killed by them

Jose Morelos picked up where

Miguel Hidalgo left off

mexico Independence achieved in 1821 -

Treaty of Cordoba

Treaty of Cordoba

Spain recognizing their 300-year-old control of Latin America was ending

Neocolonialism:

independent nations still controlled by economic and political interests

Riches accumulated often stayed within

wealthy landowning class

Mexican Revolution:

protest of neocolonialism

rejection of Porfirio Diaz’s dictatorship to

protest impoverished conditions

Tupac Amaru II led a revolt against

Spanish occupiers and inspired further resistance movements

Samory Toure led resistance against

French colonizers and inspired further resistance

Sioux resisted the

US government invading their land, but were shot at during their protests

Muhammad Ahdam led Mahadists in a revolt against

colonial rule of Egypt but was stopped by the British

Slavery still existed in

independent nations as well as class inequalities

Catholic Church still

dominated

Industrial revolution in Britain can not be separated from

Imperialism

Industrial countries gained power quickly to

exploit colony resources

Industrial Revolution:

began in Britain in 19th century - spread through Europe, Japan, US

Agricultural output increased significantly again

more people moved to cities

Enclosure:

public lands that were shared for farming became enclosed by fences

New farming

technologies

Urbanization was natural

London grew to over 6 million people

Domestic system

(most work being done on farms or at home or at small shops) preceded

New advancements

changed production

Flying shuttle:

sped up waving process

Spinning jenny:

spinning vast amounts of thread

Cotton gin:

invented by Eli Whitney - processed massive amounts of cotton quickly

Steam engine -

Thomas Newcomer, James Watt

Steamship -

Robert Fulton

Steam-powered Locomotive -

George Stephenson

Telegraph:

communication with great distances in seconds

Telephone -

Alexander Graham Bell

advancements

Lightbulb, Internal Combustion Engine for cars, Radio

Also major developments in

medicine and science, theory of natural selection (Charles Darwin)

Rapid creation of products was done in

factories

Interchangeable parts:

machines could be replaces or fixed quickly

Assembly line:

each worker had one small part in production - man became the machine

Workers were

overworked, underpaid, and working in unsafe conditions - child labour was common

Formation of new social classes -

aristocrats were those rich from industrial success, middle class of skilled professionals, huge working class

Adam Smith:

success achieved through private ownership and free market system (capitalism)

governments removed from regulation =

laissez-faire capitalism

laissez-faire capitalism

Start of stock market and other financial instruments

Karl Marx:

The Communist Manifesto

The Communist Manifesto

working class take over means of production and all resources would be equally

Marxism was foundation for

socialism and communism

Luddites:

workers who destroyed equipment in middle of night to protest working conditions

Marxism mixed with capitalist thought to create

partly socialist systems in many places