ImmunoSero case study

Hepatitis E

Causes: Hepatitis E virus

MOT: fecal-oral route (contaminated water, consumption of undercooked or raw meat, person to person transmission, mother to child transmission)

S&S:

Acute (fever, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, jaundice, dark urine, clay colored stool, joint pain, MILD LIVER ENLARGMENT)

Severe (fulminant hepatitis, increases maternal and fetal death)

Treatment: no specific treatment, hospitalization or liver transplant

Other names: enteric hepatitis

Screening test: hepatitis e IgM antibody test (Anti-HEV igM)

Confirmatory test: HEV RNA PCR test

Diagnostic procedures: blood test, ultrasound, liver biopsy

Vaccination: Hepatitis E Vaccine (HEV 239 or Hecolin)

Typhus fever

Causes: Rickettsia bacteria

Epidemic typhus: ricketssia prowazekii

Endemic typhus: rickettsia typhi

Scrub typhus: orienting tsutsugamushi

MOT:

Epidemic: feces of body lice

Endemic: fleas from infected rodents

Scrub: chigger mites

S&S: high fever, severe headache, chills and body aches, skin rash, nausea and vomiting, confusion

Severe: delirium and neurological symptoms, pneumonia, kidney failure, hypertension and shock

Treatment: doxycycline, fluids and electrolytes

Screening test: cbc, liver function test

Confirmatory test: IFA (indirect immunoassay), PCR, Weil-Felix test

Diagnostic procedure: skin biopsy, serological testing

Vaccination: no vaccine, rodent control, insect repellents

Scarlet fever

Causes: Group A streptococcus (strep pyogenes)

MOT: delayed type hypersensitivity to an exotoxin and therefore occurs in persons who have had a previous exposure to strep pyogenes

S&S: Red rash (sand paper like), STRAWBERRY TONGUE

Treatment: penicillin or amoxicillin (alternatives if allergic to penicillin: azithromycin or cephalosporins)

Screening test: Rapid antigen detection test

Confirmatory test: Throat culture, blood test ( Anti streptolysisn o, CRP, ESR

Diagnostic procedure: throat culture or rapid strep test

Vaccination: NO vaccine, handwashing hahaha avoid sharing utensils, cover mouth, prevention is better than cure raw

Rubeola (measles)

Causes: measles virus (rubeola virus) RNA virus

MOT: airborne, direct contact

S&S: KOPLIK SPOTS, high fever, malaise and fatigue, runny nose, conjunctivitis

Treatment: antipyretics for fever, vitamin a supplements

Screening test: detection of measles specific IgM ab

Confirmatory test: igM antibody test, paired igg titers, RT-PCR

Diagnostic procedure: medical history + IgM antibodies testing

Vaccination: live attenuated vaccine

Rubella (German Measles)

Causes: Rubella virus, RNA virus

MOT: airborne, direct contact, vertical transmission

S&S: low grade fever, malaise, mild headache, SWOLLEN AND TENDER LYMPH NODES

Treatment: no specific antiviral

Other name: three day measles

Screening test: rubella specific IgM antibody test

Confirmatory test: rubella specific IgM antibody test, RT-PCR

Diagnostic procedure: clinical evalutaion

Vaccination: live attenuated vaccine; MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine

Smallpox

Causes: Variola virus (orthodox virus)

MOT: person to person transmission (via droplets, direct contact with bodily fluids)

Signs and symptoms: incubation period 7-17 days

Initial (fever, severe headache, fatigue and malaise, vomiting)

Rash progression

Treatment: supportive care needed, antivirals medications (cidofovir)

Other names: variola, red plague, great pox

Screening test: PCR

Confirmatory test: electron microscopy, ELISA

Diagnostic procedure: PCR for viral DNA, ELISA, IFA

Vaccine: smallpox vaccine first developed by Edward jenner

Infectious Mononucleosis

Causative agent: Epstein Barr virus (herpesviridae)

MOT: Person to person (saliva, sharing of utensils)

Signs and symptoms: incubation period 4-6 weeks

(Fever, sore throat, Swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, enlarged spleen, liver enlargement, rash)

Treatment: supportive care, corticosteroids for swelling

Other names: kissing disease

Screening test: monospot test (heterophile antibody test)

Confirmatory test: EBV specific antibody test (igM anti-VCA for acute infection, IgG anti-VCA for past infection, EBNA antibodies to indicate past infection)

Diagnostic procedures: CBC showing atypical lymphocystes

Vaccine: no vaccine yet