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Hepatitis E
Causes: Hepatitis E virus
MOT: fecal-oral route (contaminated water, consumption of undercooked or raw meat, person to person transmission, mother to child transmission)
S&S:
Acute (fever, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, jaundice, dark urine, clay colored stool, joint pain, MILD LIVER ENLARGMENT)
Severe (fulminant hepatitis, increases maternal and fetal death)
Treatment: no specific treatment, hospitalization or liver transplant
Other names: enteric hepatitis
Screening test: hepatitis e IgM antibody test (Anti-HEV igM)
Confirmatory test: HEV RNA PCR test
Diagnostic procedures: blood test, ultrasound, liver biopsy
Vaccination: Hepatitis E Vaccine (HEV 239 or Hecolin)
Typhus fever
Causes: Rickettsia bacteria
Epidemic typhus: ricketssia prowazekii
Endemic typhus: rickettsia typhi
Scrub typhus: orienting tsutsugamushi
MOT:
Epidemic: feces of body lice
Endemic: fleas from infected rodents
Scrub: chigger mites
S&S: high fever, severe headache, chills and body aches, skin rash, nausea and vomiting, confusion
Severe: delirium and neurological symptoms, pneumonia, kidney failure, hypertension and shock
Treatment: doxycycline, fluids and electrolytes
Screening test: cbc, liver function test
Confirmatory test: IFA (indirect immunoassay), PCR, Weil-Felix test
Diagnostic procedure: skin biopsy, serological testing
Vaccination: no vaccine, rodent control, insect repellents
Scarlet fever
Causes: Group A streptococcus (strep pyogenes)
MOT: delayed type hypersensitivity to an exotoxin and therefore occurs in persons who have had a previous exposure to strep pyogenes
S&S: Red rash (sand paper like), STRAWBERRY TONGUE
Treatment: penicillin or amoxicillin (alternatives if allergic to penicillin: azithromycin or cephalosporins)
Screening test: Rapid antigen detection test
Confirmatory test: Throat culture, blood test ( Anti streptolysisn o, CRP, ESR
Diagnostic procedure: throat culture or rapid strep test
Vaccination: NO vaccine, handwashing hahaha avoid sharing utensils, cover mouth, prevention is better than cure raw
Rubeola (measles)
Causes: measles virus (rubeola virus) RNA virus
MOT: airborne, direct contact
S&S: KOPLIK SPOTS, high fever, malaise and fatigue, runny nose, conjunctivitis
Treatment: antipyretics for fever, vitamin a supplements
Screening test: detection of measles specific IgM ab
Confirmatory test: igM antibody test, paired igg titers, RT-PCR
Diagnostic procedure: medical history + IgM antibodies testing
Vaccination: live attenuated vaccine
Rubella (German Measles)
Causes: Rubella virus, RNA virus
MOT: airborne, direct contact, vertical transmission
S&S: low grade fever, malaise, mild headache, SWOLLEN AND TENDER LYMPH NODES
Treatment: no specific antiviral
Other name: three day measles
Screening test: rubella specific IgM antibody test
Confirmatory test: rubella specific IgM antibody test, RT-PCR
Diagnostic procedure: clinical evalutaion
Vaccination: live attenuated vaccine; MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine
Smallpox
Causes: Variola virus (orthodox virus)
MOT: person to person transmission (via droplets, direct contact with bodily fluids)
Signs and symptoms: incubation period 7-17 days
Initial (fever, severe headache, fatigue and malaise, vomiting)
Rash progression
Treatment: supportive care needed, antivirals medications (cidofovir)
Other names: variola, red plague, great pox
Screening test: PCR
Confirmatory test: electron microscopy, ELISA
Diagnostic procedure: PCR for viral DNA, ELISA, IFA
Vaccine: smallpox vaccine first developed by Edward jenner
Infectious Mononucleosis
Causative agent: Epstein Barr virus (herpesviridae)
MOT: Person to person (saliva, sharing of utensils)
Signs and symptoms: incubation period 4-6 weeks
(Fever, sore throat, Swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, enlarged spleen, liver enlargement, rash)
Treatment: supportive care, corticosteroids for swelling
Other names: kissing disease
Screening test: monospot test (heterophile antibody test)
Confirmatory test: EBV specific antibody test (igM anti-VCA for acute infection, IgG anti-VCA for past infection, EBNA antibodies to indicate past infection)
Diagnostic procedures: CBC showing atypical lymphocystes
Vaccine: no vaccine yet
