CAPE Biology Unit One Review Flashcards

80 flashcards created from lecture notes for CAPE Biology Unit One, covering key biological concepts and terms.

What are the four topics covered in Module One of CAPE Biology Unit One?

1. Aspects of Biochemistry 2. Cell Structure 3. Membrane Structure and Function 4. Enzymes

What is the primary component that comprises more than 70% of a cell's mass?

Water

Why are water molecules attracted to each other?

Due to hydrogen bonds resulting from the dipole nature of the water molecule.

What property of water allows for temperature regulation?

High specific heat capacity and ability to evaporate easily.

What type of carbohydrate is glucose?

Monosaccharide

What are two examples of disaccharides?

Maltose and sucrose.

What binds two monosaccharide molecules together to form a disaccharide?

Glycosidic bond.

What are the main components of starch?

Amylose and amylopectin.

What type of glycosidic bond is found in cellulose?

Beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds.

What is the primary function of glycogen in animals?

Energy reserve.

How is cellulose important to plant structure?

Provides structural support in cell walls.

What feature made triglycerides effective as an energy source?

Higher proportion of hydrogen compared to carbohydrates.

What are phospholipids composed of?

A phosphate group and two fatty acid tails.

What is the primary function of cholesterol in cell membranes?

Maintains fluidity of the membrane.

What occurs during substrate-level phosphorylation?

Direct synthesis of ATP from ADP and a substrate.

What structure in ribosomes is most responsible for catalyzing peptide bond formation?

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

What type of reaction breaks peptide bonds in proteins?

Hydrolysis.

What is the structural unit of nucleic acids?

Nucleotide.

How do enzymes lower activation energy?

By forming enzyme-substrate complexes which stabilize the transition state.

What are competitive inhibitors?

Substances that compete with substrates for the active site of an enzyme.

What is the fate of the secondary oocyte if fertilization does not occur?

It will degenerate.

What is the role of progesterone during the menstrual cycle?

Maintains the endometrium for potential implantation.

What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum?

Progesterone.

What are the functions of the placenta?

Gas exchange, nutrient transfer, waste removal, and endocrine functions.

What is the process by which gametes are produced?

Gametogenesis.

What type of cell division occurs during sperm production?

Meiosis.

What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?

Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes; haploid cells have one set.

What is one example of an environmental factor influencing natural selection?

Availability of food resources.

What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?

Allopatric speciation occurs due to geographic isolation; sympatric speciation occurs without geographic isolation.

What is the definition of biological species concept?

Species are defined as groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.

What is one of the key advantages of genetic variation?

Helps populations adapt to changing environments and resist diseases.

What is gene therapy?

A technique that modifies genes to treat or prevent disease.

What is the significance of double fertilization in plants?

One sperm fertilizes the egg to form the zygote, while the other forms the endosperm for nutrient storage.

What are the primary functions of the amniotic fluid during pregnancy?

Provides cushion for the fetus, maintains temperature, and allows for fetal movement.

What does the term 'tissue' refer to in biology?

A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

What happens during anaphase of mitosis?

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the dividing cell.

How does natural selection contribute to evolution?

It favors organisms that are better adapted to their environments, thus influencing which traits are passed on.

What role does the zona pellucida play during fertilization?

It forms a barrier that sperm must penetrate to fertilize the egg.

What does FSH stimulate in the male reproductive system?

The growth of sperm cells in the testes.

Which type of growth is primarily responsible for increasing plant height?

Primary growth, which increases length.

What is a common trait of hermaphroditic plants?

They have both male and female reproductive structures.

What is the effect of high temperatures on enzyme activity?

It can lead to denaturation of the enzyme.

What is the importance of the Dihybrid cross in genetics?

It demonstrates how two traits are inherited simultaneously.

What action does hCG stimulate in early pregnancy?

It maintains the secretion of progesterone.

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

How does the endosymbiotic theory explain the origin of mitochondria?

It suggests mitochondria originated from free-living prokaryotes that became engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.

Name one distinctive feature of a prokaryotic cell.

It lacks a membrane-bound nucleus.

What kind of bond forms between two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom in a water molecule?

Covalent bond.

What are the two main types of cells involved in protein synthesis?

Ribosomal cells and messenger RNA (mRNA).

Define what a clone is in biological context.

A genetically identical copy of an organism.

What is the function of the Leydig cells in the testes?

They produce testosterone.

What do stomata regulate in plants?

Gas exchange, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What is a mutagen?

An agent that causes mutations in DNA.

In which organelle does cellular respiration primarily take place?

Mitochondria.

What is the primary role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Protein synthesis and modification.

How does the concept of genetic drift influence small populations?

It can lead to significant changes in allele frequencies due to random sampling.