Lecture 10.1

Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder

• poverty

• violence

→ reaction

Both CD and ODD are influenced by culture/context and are:

• Strongly associated with _______

• Strongly associated with exposure to ______

→ This is why diagnosis of these disorders should only be applied when the behaviour is not a ______ to the immediate social context

• Social causation: stress associated with poverty → increased childhood psychopathology

• Social selection: families with genetic predispositions to psychopathology → drift down towards poverty

How do social causation and social selection theories explain CD and ODD links with poverty?

Study details:

• Longitudinal study of Indigenous children living on a reservation and their disruptive problems

• Opened a casino on the reservation and gave families money

Findings:

• Youth whose families were no longer poor due to the money received from the casino reported decreases in disruptive behaviours

• The variable that mediated the relationship was improved parental supervision

Theoretical support:

• Supports the social causation theory (poverty stress → disruptive behaviours)

What was the Great Smoky Mountains study, its findings, and theoretical support?

male

• 10

• 2

Conduct problems (symptoms + behaviours) are 2-4 times more common in _______ children

• Early-onset persistent CD→ ___ male: 1 female ratio

• Adolescent-limited CD → ___ male: 1 female or no gender difference

more, small

Girls engage in slightly ______ relational aggression than do boys, but the difference is ______ and not meaningful

• 50, 35

• 50

CD and ODD comorbidities:

• ADHD → more than ___% of children with CD also have ADHD, ___% of children with ODD also have ADHD

• Depression and anxiety → ___% of children with CD and ODD also have depression and anxiety

• verbal

• academic

• family

• peers

• risks (30)

Impacts of CD and ODD on children:

• Cognitive and _______ challenges, not associated with intellectual impairment

• Impaired ________ functioning

• Impaired ________ functioning

• Problems with ______

• Significant health _______ (boys with conduct problems are 3 to 4 times more likely to die before the age of ___)

40

Up to ___% of children with CD develop Antisocial Personality Disorder as adults

The diagnostic criteria are more geared towards older children

→ The symptoms or behaviours are impossible/improbable (ex: staying out all night) at this age

What are the diagnostic challenges for CD or ODD in preschoolers?

• decrease

• dysregulation

For preschoolers:

• Some misbehavior is normative and will ______ as they grow older

• Some misbehavior is an indicator of significant behavioral and emotional ______ that will escalate with time if left untreated

We can use:

• Frequency

• Severity

• Flexibility → can the behaviour be modified?

• Expectability → can we predict the behaviour?

• Pervasiveness → across number of settings

On what can we base ourselves to distinguish typical misbehaviour from significant and problematic misbehaviour?

Early-onset/life-course consistent pathway	Late-onset/adolescent-limited pathway
Aggression	extreme
delinquency	violent
forms	persist
high	peaks

Differences between the early-onset and late-onset pathways:

Early-onset/life-course consistent pathway	Late-onset/adolescent-limited pathway
_______ in childhood	Less _____ antisocial behaviour
More serious ______ in adolescence	Less likely to commit ______ offenses
Diversification → adding new _____ of disruptive behaviours over time	Less likely to ______ over time
Linear → starts high and stays ______	Curvilinear → starts low, _____ in adolescence, declines

50

___% or more of the variance in antisocial behavior is hereditary

• weight

• protein

• poisoning

• substances

• alcohol

Some pregnancy and birth factors:

• Low birth ______

• Malnutrition (possible _____ deficiency) during pregnancy

• Lead _____

• Mother’s use of nicotine, marijuana, and other ______ during pregnancy

• Maternal _____ use during pregnancy

maltreatment

Childhood _______ is a universal risk factor for antisocial behavior

conditional, MAOA

Vulnerability to adversities may be ______ and depending on genetic factors such as ______, an enzyme linked to a gene

For people with low MAOA activity, the relationship between maltreatment and antisocial behaviour was stronger

What was the finding for the interaction/moderation of MAOA and antisocial behaviour?

parenting

Negative ______ behaviours that do not constitute abuse are also associated with disruptive behavior problems

Demands from parent → child uses delay ans escape strategies + reacts with hostility → inconsistent responses and explosions from parent → reinforces disruptive behaviours

→ It’s also a key target for interventions

What’s the coercive cycle in relation to parenting?

• cognitive

• processing

Social information processing:

• Is a series of _____ steps taken by a person from situation to action

• Multiple _____ mechanisms such as encoding, interpretation, response search, response decision, enactment

• There is robust evidence linking this bias to aggressive behaviour

• Children with aggressive behaviour problems are more likely to think the other child did it on purpose

How does the hostile attribution bias relate to aggressive behaviour?

• fewer

• effective

• able

• aggressive

Social information processing in aggressive people:

• Response search

  • Think of ______ possible responses

• Response decision

  • Think that aggressive strategies are more _______

  • Perceive themselves as being _____ to carry out those aggressive strategies

  • Finally pick _______ strategies

Parents	Peers
Mothers of aggressive boys also show the hostile attribution bias Parents may reinforce or approve of behaviors May see aggression as a competent response to peer provocation	Reinforce behaviours

How do these aggressive cognitive patterns develop through parents or peers?