German & Italian Unification, Social Darwinism, and Imperialism UNIT 7 TEST

Identify the leaders that led the unification of Italy. -

Mazzini, Camilo de Cavour, Garibaldi

red shirts -

Nationalistic group/army created and led by Guiseppe Garibaldi to end foreign control of Italy during the 19th century.

Describe the significance of the "red shirts" in Italian unification. -

they played a significant role in conquering Sicily, as well as demonstrating the passion and numbers of support for the cause of Italian unification

Explain why Napoleon III would be a supporter of Italian unification. -

he helped Victor Emmanuel II and Camillo di Cavour through providing his army and Piedmontese, through his support, he was able to create a potential for a future ally with the country when it grew stronger and reached its potential and strength.

Which final steps of Italian Unification made the process complete? -

venetia and rome under italian ctrl

Who were the two leaders of Prussia that led the unification of Germany? -

Otto von Bismarck and King Wilhelm I

Describe Otto von Bismarck's policy called realpolitik. -

a policy of making political decisions based on practicality rather than ideology

How was realpolitik different from the way Maximilien Robespierre led during the French Revolution? -

Robespierre was blinded by his love for violence and revenge, leading to unnecessary killings and chaos, whereas Bismarck's realpolitik would most likely leave the monarchs exiled and not have any or nearly as many executions, unless needed to send a message.

According to Bismarck's "blood and iron" policy, how was Prussia going to unite the German-speaking people? -

war and military strength

Which countries did Prussia go to war with to gain control of the German speaking areas in Europe? -

Denmark, Austria, France

Who was the intellectual of unifying Italy? -

(Giuseppe) Mazzini

Who was the brains of unifying Italy? -

Camillo di Cavour

Who was the muscle of unifying Italy? -

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Who was crowned king of Italy in 1860? -

Victor Emmanuel II

Name one of the countries that fought against Prussia between 1860-1880 -

Austria

"blood and iron" -

Otto von Bismarck's policy for unifying Germany through war

blood stood for war and iron industry

German Confederation -

(1815-1848) a group of 39 German-speaking states in Central Europe created by the Congress of Vienna to replace the Holy Roman Empire which ended as a result of the Napoleonic Wars

Camillo di Cavour -

(1810-1861) a politician and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in Northern Italy and later Prime Minister of Italy who was a leader of the Italian unification movement

known as "The Brain" of unification

Giuseppe Garibaldi -

(1807-1882) a general and Italian nationalist who was a leader of the Italian unification movement

known as "The Sword" of unification

Giuseppe Mazzini -

(1805-1872) a politician, journalist and Italian nationalist who was a leader of the Italian unification movement

known as "The Soul" of unification

King Wilhelm I -

(1797-1888) King of Prussia (see definition on Prussia) and later German Emperor who was a Kaiser (king) under German unification

nationalism -

When a people have a strong sense of common pride in their culture, language and history

Otto Von Bismarck -

(1815-1898 ) a politician who was Minister President of Prussia and later Imperial Chancellor of the German Empire who was a leader of German unification. He practiced a policies called realpolitik and "Blood and Iron."

bad quality of bismarck? -

manipulative, evil genius, used war to unite ppl

realpolitik -

a political philosophy that states that the circumstances of and situation and outcomes of one's actions are more important than ideas and morals

Victor Emmanuel II -

(1820-1878) King of Sardinia, a state in Northern Italy and later King of Italy who was a leader of the Italian unification movement

natural law -

A doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature and, as such, can be understood by reason.

herbert spencer -

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (social darwinism leading figure)

maxim gun -

first fully automatic machine gun

item of technology that helped Europeans conquer Africa

Quinine -

A drug that prevented malaria, which had previously decimated Europeans in the Africa

where were diamonds and gold discovered? -

South Africa

two raw materials discovered in south africa? -

diamonds and gold

Berlin conference -

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

what was the goal of getting Africa? -

materials, greed, personal european gain

what did the europeans not take into account when conquering and colonizing? -

the people who lived there and their existing cultures that they didn't want to change

colonization -

One country taking over another area to be used for their benefit

Herbert Spencer -

pretty much the face of social darwinism, jerk

white man's burden is an example of -

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

king leopald II of belgium -

founder and sole owner of congo, made millions from force labor to collect ivory and rubber, torture, and murder, killed a bunch of people. filthy rich and all around horrible person

What goal did Leopald want? How didn't this align with his cultivated "humanitarian" image? -

his goal in the Congo was brutal economic exploitation. although Leopold cultivated the image of a humanitarian ruler by sponsoring antislavery conferences and manipulating public relations

Zulu Resistance -

the failed attempt by people of South Africa to resist foreign interference (sparked anglo zulu war, zulu had several victories but europeans were just too powerful)

opium wars -

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.

Boxer Rebellion -

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Indian Sepoy Rebellion -

the british expanded into india through the east indian company. indian soldiers, native rulers, and ordinary people came together and rose up against the british commanders to destroy their power over india. just for great britain to end up winning official power

Evolutionary ethics and similar concepts, all of which are usually termed _____, often came close to saying that "might makes right." -

social darwinism

Two major characteristics of Impressionism -

1. painters began to depict modern life itself, focusing on the social life and leisure activities of the urban middle and lower classes.

2. many of these artists were fascinated with light, color, and the representation through painting itself of momentary, largely unfocused, visual experience.

what was impressionism considered and reacted to as? -

left an impression, curious and artistically shocking when they were first displayed in Paris.

Sigmund Freud -

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation

founded psychoanalysis.

psychoanalysis -

A method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders

what was the greatest political crisis that the nineteenth-century anti-Semitism caused? -

the Dreyfus affair in France

Dreyfus Affair -

Incident in France where a Jewish captain was falsely accused of passing secret info to Germany, because the military was anti-Semitic, and it divided the country

Why were Europeans interested in non-Western world? -

raw materials, land, power, greed

new imperialism -

The late-nineteenth-century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad.

_____ was the most important part of the British Empire and provided the base for British military and economic power throughout Asia, from the late eighteenth century until its independence in 1947 -

India

How was imperialism justified? -

-Americans considered themselves superior to the colonial rulers they were replacing -Thought it was "God-given" right term-67 -Natives incapable of ruling themselves (they wanted to "civilize" the "backward" people) -Economic opportunity

racial apartheid -

The political system in South Africa from 1948 to 1994 organized around white supremacy and the economic, social and political disenfranchisement of the black majority population.

imperialism -

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

What happened as a result of the Sepoy Mutiny? -

Hindus founded the Indian National Congress, to modernize Indian life and liberalize British policy, as a result of Britains victory.

How was the imperialism seen at the end of the 19th century different from older imperialism? -

Britain was no longer the only country which dominated the world, as at the end of the 19th century, other Western powers and nations went on colonial expeditions and created rivalries, influence, and control.

Aside from how the Suez Canal impacted trade and travel, how did the Suez Canal impact Egypt? -

final blow to egypts economy due to the cost of its construction, a quarrel with Britain over who would have control, and a major engineering achievement.

Explain two ways in which European imperialism negatively affected the African continent. -

How were imperialism and the missionary movement connected? -

zionism -

A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine

marxist -

communist