AP HUG Ch. 11

First Agricultural Revolution

• began 10,000 years ago

• farmers successfully planted & grew crops and domesticated animals

• marks the beginning of agriculture

Second Agricultural Revolution

• began in the 18th-20th century

• both population and agricultural yields increased dramatically

Third Agricultural Revolution

• present day

• also known as the Green Revolution

• focuses on genetically modifying seeds & changing land use techniques to increase yields for a global population that is growing quickly

What did the size of hunting and gathering clans vary according to?

climate, seasonal shifts, & resource availability

What do clans track?

migration cycles of fish and land animals

Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest, Aimu in Japan, coastal east Asia, & communities in coastal Western Europe caught and hunted what?

salmon and deer

People in the great plains hunted…

bison

People in colder climates in the North hunted…

caribou herds

Far Northern America to Russia, Aleut tribes hunted…

whales, walruses, seals, cod, salmon, and birds

Why did hunter-gathers migrate?

to take advantage of cyclical movements of animals & to avoid exhausting the supply of edible plants in any one area

Before developing agriculture, hunter-gatherers worked on…

perfecting tools, controlling fires, and adapting environments to their needs

agriculture

purposefully growing crops and raising livestock to produce food, feed, and fiber

Why does the first Agricultural Revolution mark the beginning of agriculture?

the transition from hunting & gathering to farming

What was Jared Diamond’s idea of why people started to farm?

believed scarcity forced people into farming and that competition also forced people to become resourceful

What was Carl Sauer’s idea of why people started to farm?

believed luxury was more likely because a reliable food supply created the opportunity for people to experiment with raising plants and domesticating animals

What is the first heart of plant domestication?

the fertile crescent

What countries are in the fertile crescent?

the lands between the Tigris & Euphrates rivers in present day Iraq west to Syria

What is another hearth of plant domestication?

the Nile River Valley

Farmers chose seeds from the largest & strongest plants causing…

domesticated plants to grow larger than wild ones

What did agriculture increase and allow people to do?

increased food security and allowed people to settle causing new jobs

Where and when did animal domestication start?

10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent

What are thought to be the first domesticated animals?

cats & dogs

What were small animals used for?

milk, eggs, meat, & hides

What were large animals used for?

burden, meat, & milk

4 traits looked for in domesticating animals

1. diet

2. temperament

3. growth rate

4. size

subsistence agriculture

growing only enough food to survive

What do they call subsistence agriculture in tropical climates?

shifting cultivation

What is shifting cultivation?

the process if clearing & burning a plot of land, farming it for 2-10 years, than moving to a new plot

monoculture

more taxing on soil & makes it more difficult for a community to build a nutrient rich diet

The Second Agriculture Revolution included a series of…

innovation, improvements, & techniques developed in different places at different times which together significantly improved the production of crops & livestock

The invention of the seed drill improved what?

breeding methods, consolidated land into larger farms, & began use of new crop rotation systems

What did increased agriculture output in the primary economic sector made it possible to do what?

to feed much larger urban populations enabling growth of the 2nd economic culture

What does sow mean?

to plant

What does reap mean?

to harvest

What did the advances in breeding livestock enable farmers to develop?

new breeds to be strong at a specific job

What helped sustain the 2nd Agricultural Revolution?

innovations in machinery that occurred with the Industrial Revolution

What was the Columbian Exchange?

the movement of goods, people, & diseases between Europe, Africa, & the Americas across the Atlantic Ocean that began with Spanish & Portuguese exploration

The Columbian Exchange set up the unequal exchange which is…

the idea that global trade is set up to structurally benefit some more than others creating an unevenness in wealth in the capitalist world economy

The Third Agricultural Revolution: The Green Revolution had the….

use of biotechnology to create disease-resistant, fast-growing, high-yield seeds as well as fertilizers & pesticides, & the result has been a large increase in crop production

What spurred the first Agricultural Revolution?

depended on a change in human effort

What spurred the second Agricultural Revolution?

hinged on improving tech with innovations

What spurred the third Agricultural Revolution?

focusses on engineering the seed & land

When did the Third Agricultural Revolution/ Green Revolution start?

1930s in the north

Positive outcomes of the Third Agricultural Revolution/ Green Revolution start

• promise of increasing food in a world in which more than 800 million are undernourished

Negative outcomes of the Third Agricultural Revolution/ Green Revolution start

• social changes health risks, & environmental hazards

• farms may become vulnerable to natural forces

Who has the Third Agricultural Revolution/ Green Revolution start worked against?

the interest of many small-scale farmers who lack the resources to acquire genetically enhanced seeds

The Third Agricultural Revolution/ Green Revolution led to…

reduced genetic diversity

Arguments against the Third Agricultural Revolution/ Green Revolution

increased vulnerability to:

• pests

• soil erosion

• water shortages

• reduced soil fertility

• micronutrient differences

• soil contamination

• reduced availability of nutritious food crops

• displacement of small farmers

• rural impoverishments

• tensions/conflicts

Who benefits from the Third Agricultural Revolution/ Green Revolution

• the agrochemical industry

• large petrochemical companies

• manufactures of agricultural machinery

• dam builders

• large landowners

On a plane, if you are sitting by the window, you will see a checkerboard pattern that reflects what?

the agriculture system most used in the country

cadastral system

the method of land survey through which land ownership & property lines are defined

Where has the cadastral system been adopted?

in places where settlement could be regulated by law

township & range system

farms are spaced by sections, half sections, or quarter sections

metes-and-bounds survey

uses natural features like rivers & trees to demarcate irregular parcels of land

long-lot survey

divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, and canals

In systems where one child inherits all the land, parcels tend to be…

larger

In areas where land is divided among heirs considerable ______ can occur over time

fragmentation

perishable

susceptible to spoiling in transit

Von Thuen created a diagram about what?

spatial distribution of agricultural activities around settlements

nucleated settlement

when houses are grouped together in tiny clusters or hamlets

cluster settlement

begins as a small hamlet at the intersection of two roads & then develops by accretion

Why do villagers cluster together?

to protect their inhabitants against attacks

the cold chain

a system of harvesting produce that is not quite ripe & ripening it by controlling temperature from the fields to the store

Where are rice & oil palm grown?

in tropical climates

Where are soybeans, sunflowers, & corn grown?

at mid-latitudes

Where is wheat grown?

toward the poles

equatorial climates

hot or very warm & generally humid

arid climates

include true desert & semi-arid

warm temperate climates

include the humid subtropical

snow climates

found closer to the poles & include humid continental and subarctic

polar climates

include tundra & ice cap climates and are found poleward of snow climates or at very high elevations

Where certain things are grown depends on…

climate

Colonial powers implemented agriculture systems to…

benefit their needs

plantation agriculture

a production system where cash crops are grown on large estates

4 types of subsistence agriculture

1. shifting cultivation

2. intensive substance-wet rice dominant

3. intensive substance-west rice no dominant

4. pastoral nomadism

Because of the high demand for drugs, farmers in the periphery often…

find it more profitable to grow drug-making plants than standard food crops

What makes cocaine and where is it found?

coca

found mainly in Columbia

What makes opium and heroin and where is it found?

opium poppy plants

found in Southeast and South Asia

Mechanization and efficiencies created by new technologies have led to…

a significant decrease in the number of workers needed in agricultural production

High land cost usually means farmers grow…

more valuable crops

Low land cost usually means farmers grow…

more common crops that take up more land space

bid rent theory

the price & demand for land will go up closer to the central city

What does the bid rent theory help us understand?

whether farmers will use intensive or extensive agricultural practices

intensive agricultural practices

use a great deal of capital (fertilizers, insecticides) relative to the land farmed

extensive agricultural practices

use less capital & larger areas of land to cultivate

organic agriculture

the production of crop without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers

What is ethanol, a renewable fuel, made out of?

plant materials called biomasses

What is biodiesel, a renewable fuel, made out of?

vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease

As incomes rise, many people start consuming…

more meat & processed foods, seek out better quality fruits & veggies, or demand fresh produce year-round

What is the aim of fair trade?

raise the income of certified producers by reducing the number of actors in the supply chain

agribusiness

the business that provides a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry

hunger

living on less than the daily recommended 2100 calories the average person needs to live a healthy life

Do we have enough food to feed everyone?

yes

What are two chronic undernourishment causes?

1. impending childhood development

2. weakening immune systems

In 1985, the US Agency for international Development created what?

the Famine Early Warning System

What does the Famine Early Warning System do?

collaborates with other organizations worldwide to monitor food stores & predict food insecurity

What is the poverty trap cause of hunger globally?

people who can’t afford food become weaker and being weaker means it is hard to find a job. Due to this, people get caught in a cycle of poverty

What is the lack of investment in agriculture infrastructure cause of hunger globally?

countries that lack the infrastructure to keep food cold at the point of harvest until shipment or lack of infrastructure to transport causes a disadvantage in production & consumption

What is the food wastage cause of hunger globally?

about 1/3 of all food produced globally is never consumed

What is the climate & weather cause of hunger globally?

natural disasters have long-lasting impacts in peripheral countries