HBS 2 Final Exam Review

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62 Terms

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Heart Diagram

knowt flashcard image
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Cardiac Output Calculations

heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (mL/beat) = CO (mL/min)

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ABI (ankle-brachial index) Calculation

dividing the highest systolic blood pressure measured at the ankle by the highest systolic blood pressure measured at the arm

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Stroke Volume

amount of blood being pumped out of heart with each heartbeat (avg. = 75 mL/beat)

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Pulse

rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction

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Heart Rate

measure of cardiac activity; usually expressed in number of beats per minutes

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Atria

the two upper chambers of the heart, receiving blood from the body and lungs

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Ventricles

the two lower chambers of the heart, responsible for pumping blood out to the body and lungs

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Pulmonary Artery

carries blood from your heart to your lungs; they're the ONLY arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood

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Pulmonary Vein

carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the heart, specifically the left atrium

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Artery

carries blood AWAY from the heart; has thick, muscular walls for high blood pressure

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Vein

carries blood TOWARDS the heart; have valves to ensure that blood only flows in one direction and has large lumens because they carry blood at low pressure so they need wide space

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EKG Diagram

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P Wave

SA node - signals atrial depolarization when filled with blood

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QRS Complex

bundle of His - bundle of His fibers; ventricular depolarization (contract)

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T Wave

ventricular repolarization; stimulates relaxation of ventricles

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Location of Bundle of His

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Location of Purkinjie Fibers

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SA Node

signals atrial depolarization when filled with blood

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AV Node

signals atrial contraction; start of atrial repolarization

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Some EKG Notes

  • depolarization leads to contraction

  • repolarization leads to relaxation

  • hyperpolarization is the refractory period (no signals can come in)

  • order = SA BPT

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Eye Diagram

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Blind Spot

an area in the visual field where a person cannot see; it occurs when light cannot reach the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye

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Optic Nerve

bundle of nerve fibers that carry information form the retina to the brain

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Vitreous Humor

maintain the eye's shape, allowing light to pass through unimpeded to reach the retina

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Aqueous Humor

a clear fluid in the anterior part of the eye that help the cornea keep its rounded shape

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Iris

muscle that controls how much light enters the eye

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Retina

sheet of nervous tissue in the back portion of the eye that receives light images and converts them to nervous signals

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Lens

a clear, flexible structure that makes an image on the eye's retina

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Cornea

bends light as it passes through; a tough clear covering over the iris and the pupil that helps protect the eye

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Pulmonary Diagram

knowt flashcard image
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Flow of Oxygen

  1. external environment

  2. nose or mouth

  3. pharynx

  4. larynx

  5. trachea

  6. bronchi

  7. bronchioles

  8. alveoli

  9. capillaries

  10. bloodstream

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Diaphragm

muscle; contracts = lungs expand pulling in air; relaxes = air is pushed out

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Total Lung Capacity

the total volume of the lungs: sum of the vital capacity and residual volume (VC + RC)

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Pulmonary Circulation vs. Systemic Circulation

pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs, while systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body

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Pharynx & Trachea

both passageways that air travels through; air moves from nose to pharynx and down the trachea towards the lungs

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Bronchi

bring air from the trachea into the lungs

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Bronchioles

bronchi branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles

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Nose/Mouth

self explanatory…?

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Flow of Carbon Dioxide

  1. bloodstream

  2. capillaries

  3. alveoli

  4. bronchioles

  5. bronchi

  6. trachea

  7. larynx

  8. pharynx

  9. oral/nasal cavity

  10. external environment

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Larynx

voice box, sits on top of the trachea; also called Adam’s Apple

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Alveoli

thin-walled air sacs that extend from the bronchioles and are wrapped in capillaries; oxygen from lungs enters the bloodstream through the alveoli and capillaries

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Capillary

delicate blood vessels that deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells throughout the body; thin walls allow fluids and gases to pass through easily; connects arteries and veins and helps organs function

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Spirometry Graph

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Vital Capacity Calculation

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume

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Total Lung Capacity Calculation

Vital Capacity + Residual Volume

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Residual Volume

the volume of air that remains in the lungs after max exhalation

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Inspiratory Reserve Volume

the additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after normal respiration

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Expiratory Reserve Volume

the additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal respiration

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Tidal Volume

the volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort

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term image

A (waste gas) = Carbon Dioxide

B (blood, before gas exchange) = Deoxygenated Blood

C (cell) = Red Blood Cell

D (gas) = Oxygen

E (vessel) = Capillary

F (blood, after gas exchange) = Oxygenated Blood

G (respiratory structure) = Alveolus

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Nephron Diagram

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Afferent Arterioles

into Bowman’s Capsule

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Efferent Arterioles

from Bowman’s Capsule

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Reabsorption

moving a substance from the tubes of the nephron back into the bloodstream

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Secretion

moving a substance from blood vessels into the tubes of the nephron; leave the body

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Filtration

the specific process of moving and separating waste from the glomerulus into the nephron; occurs in Bowman’s Capsule; filtering, etc.

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Site of reabsorption of glucose/water

in the proximal convoluted tubule/in the descending Loop of Henle

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Site of filtration in the nephron

in Bowman’s Capsule

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Flow of Urine

  1. nephron

  2. glomerulus

  3. proximal convoluted tubule

  4. descending loop of Henle

  5. ascending loop of Henle

  6. distal convoluted tubule

  7. collecting duct

  8. minor calyx

  9. major calyx

  10. renal pelvis

  11. ureter

  12. bladder

  13. urethra

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Renal Medulla/Pyramid

filters blood; no blood vessels/tissue that filters

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Flow of Digestion

  1. oral cavity

  2. pharynx

  3. upper esophageal sphincter

  4. esophagus

  5. lower esophageal sphincter

  6. stomach

  7. small intestine

    • duodenum

    • jejunum

    • ileum

  8. large intestine

    • cecum

    • ascending colon

    • transverse colon

    • descending colon

    • sigmoid colon

  9. rectum

  10. anus