Sustainable Development, Potable Water, Desalination, Wastewater Treatment, Recycling

Sustainable development

Development meeting current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own

Potable water production

Process involving selecting water source, filtering solids, and sterilizing to kill microbes

Sterilising agents for potable water

Chlorine, ozone, or UV light; chlorine requires careful monitoring, UV light avoids adding chemicals

Desalination methods

Distillation or reverse osmosis using membranes, requiring significant energy

Reverse osmosis

Process passing seawater through a membrane allowing only water molecules, needing high pressure and energy

Wastewater production & treatment

Urban, industrial waste water treatment involves removing organic matter and harmful microbes/chemicals

Sewage treatment processes

Includes screening, grit removal, sedimentation, anaerobic digestion, and aerobic biological treatment

New mining methods advantages

Avoid digging, moving, and disposing large rock amounts like traditional mining

Phytomining

Using plants to absorb metal compounds from soil, burning plants to produce metal compound-containing ash

Bioleaching

Bacteria producing leachate solutions with metal compounds for extraction

Advantages & disadvantages of phytomining and bioleaching

Less energy, suitable for low concentration ores but slow process

Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) stages

Assessing environmental impact in raw material extraction, manufacturing, use, disposal stages

Resource use reduction methods

End user material reduction, reuse, recycling to decrease resource use, energy consumption, waste

Advantages & disadvantages of recycling

Advantages: less pollution, conserved energy, less waste, landfill, local employment; Disadvantages: collection, transport issues, difficulty in metal separation

Corrosion and prevention methods

Material destruction by chemical reactions like rusting; prevented by barriers like coatings (greasing, painting, electroplating) stopping air/water contact with metal

Sacrificial protection

Using a more reactive metal to protect a less reactive metal from corrosion.

Bronze

Copper-tin alloy for statues and decorative objects.

Brass

Copper-zinc alloy for water taps and door fittings.

Gold alloy

Gold mixed with silver, copper, and zinc for jewelry.

Aluminium-magnesium alloys

Low-density alloys used in aerospace manufacturing.

Steels

Iron alloys with varying carbon and metal compositions.

Properties of polymers

Depend on monomers and production conditions.

Thermosetting polymers

Do not melt, have strong cross-links between molecules.

Thermosoftening polymers

Soften on heating, reshaped easily, weak intermolecular forces.

Glass production

Soda-lime glass made from sand, sodium carbonate, and limestone.

Clay ceramics manufacturing

Shaping wet clay and heating in a furnace.

Composites formation

Reinforcing fibers in a matrix material, e.g., fiberglass.

Haber process key points

Production of ammonia from H2 and N2 over Fe catalyst.

Haber process conditions

High temperature and pressure for rate and yield compromise.

Compounds of NPK

Used as fertilizers to enhance agricultural productivity.

Industrial NPK production

Manufacturing ammonium salts from ammonia and acids.

Phosphate rock in fertilizers

Reacted with acids to produce phosphoric acid and salts.