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Sustainable development
Development meeting current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own
Potable water production
Process involving selecting water source, filtering solids, and sterilizing to kill microbes
Sterilising agents for potable water
Chlorine, ozone, or UV light; chlorine requires careful monitoring, UV light avoids adding chemicals
Desalination methods
Distillation or reverse osmosis using membranes, requiring significant energy
Reverse osmosis
Process passing seawater through a membrane allowing only water molecules, needing high pressure and energy
Wastewater production & treatment
Urban, industrial waste water treatment involves removing organic matter and harmful microbes/chemicals
Sewage treatment processes
Includes screening, grit removal, sedimentation, anaerobic digestion, and aerobic biological treatment
New mining methods advantages
Avoid digging, moving, and disposing large rock amounts like traditional mining
Phytomining
Using plants to absorb metal compounds from soil, burning plants to produce metal compound-containing ash
Bioleaching
Bacteria producing leachate solutions with metal compounds for extraction
Advantages & disadvantages of phytomining and bioleaching
Less energy, suitable for low concentration ores but slow process
Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) stages
Assessing environmental impact in raw material extraction, manufacturing, use, disposal stages
Resource use reduction methods
End user material reduction, reuse, recycling to decrease resource use, energy consumption, waste
Advantages & disadvantages of recycling
Advantages: less pollution, conserved energy, less waste, landfill, local employment; Disadvantages: collection, transport issues, difficulty in metal separation
Corrosion and prevention methods
Material destruction by chemical reactions like rusting; prevented by barriers like coatings (greasing, painting, electroplating) stopping air/water contact with metal
Sacrificial protection
Using a more reactive metal to protect a less reactive metal from corrosion.
Bronze
Copper-tin alloy for statues and decorative objects.
Brass
Copper-zinc alloy for water taps and door fittings.
Gold alloy
Gold mixed with silver, copper, and zinc for jewelry.
Aluminium-magnesium alloys
Low-density alloys used in aerospace manufacturing.
Steels
Iron alloys with varying carbon and metal compositions.
Properties of polymers
Depend on monomers and production conditions.
Thermosetting polymers
Do not melt, have strong cross-links between molecules.
Thermosoftening polymers
Soften on heating, reshaped easily, weak intermolecular forces.
Glass production
Soda-lime glass made from sand, sodium carbonate, and limestone.
Clay ceramics manufacturing
Shaping wet clay and heating in a furnace.
Composites formation
Reinforcing fibers in a matrix material, e.g., fiberglass.
Haber process key points
Production of ammonia from H2 and N2 over Fe catalyst.
Haber process conditions
High temperature and pressure for rate and yield compromise.
Compounds of NPK
Used as fertilizers to enhance agricultural productivity.
Industrial NPK production
Manufacturing ammonium salts from ammonia and acids.
Phosphate rock in fertilizers
Reacted with acids to produce phosphoric acid and salts.
