Nutrition lecture 1

why study nutrition (4)

• feed is the major cost of maintaining animals

• health and performance impacts— captialize on performance.. selling what?

• employment opportunities

• informed decisions— welfare,health, wellness

What is nutrition?

• science encompassing series of processes which food or feed is taken in and absorbed into the body of an organism which serves for purposes of growth, work, repair, and maintenance of vital processes.

The science of encompassing a series of processes which food of feed is taken in and absorbed into the body of an organism which serves for purposes of growth, work, maintenance, and repair of vital processes.

providing of all indispensible nutrients in adequate amounts to insure proper growth and maintenance of body functions

involves various chemical reactions and physiological transformations which convert foods into body tissues and activities

layman’s term

• activity?

processes that transforms food into body tissues and activity

activity= lactation, gestation, growth

what is a nutrient

how many nutrients are required? what are they separated into?

how many groups are they put into?

any chemical element or compound that is required for normal reproduction, growth, lactation, or maintenance of life processes

around >40 nutrients required

6 groups:

• water

• protein

• lipids

• vitamins

• minerals

• carbohydrates

steps of eating food?

ingest nutrient

• digestion

• absorption

• utilization

• waste

Antoine lavoisier

• father of what?

• designed?

• coined term?

• scientific thingys

• what did he believe

• father of nutrition

• designed the calorimeter— measures the change in heat and shows the energy it can contribute

• coined the term “life is a chemical process”

• stoichiometry and combustion— energy focus

• believed the nutritive value of food resides in one component—energy. he thought energy was the only nutrient.

dr james lind

• what tests?

• what did he find

• 1753 scurvy tests

• surgeon in the british navy

• found that citrus fruit helped to cure scurvy— deficiency in vitamin C

• he tested 12 sick sailors, and used 6 different additions to the diet

40 years after the scurvy tests (1800)

• lime juice?

• british admiralty order issued

• lime juice supplied to all royal navy ships

• scurvy disappears from british navy- dominant navy and global empire until ww2

limeys

• what type of acid in citrus

• more acid= what

• lime vs lemon

• ascorbic acid in citrus

• thought was more acidic tasting= better protection

• lime>lemon

• british used lime juice.. british sailors became known as limeys

• derogatory term for brit nationals

aristotle

• what tests

• European enlightenment

gut function- believed the gut had four humors (SANGUINE, CHOLERIC, PHLEGMATIC, MELANCHOLIC)

• european enlightenment- believed that food had spirits that imparted effect on the body and soul

Dr. william beaumont

• father of what

• how did he perform his tests

• what did he conclude (6)

• father of gastric physiology. army doctor

• used alexis st martin to run tests on

• concluded things from his tests:

  • the stomach is not a grinder

  • there is no spirit in the body directing some of the foods to good and bad areas

  • digesting takes place by digestive juices secreted from the stomach

  • foods are digested all at the same time but at different rates, not separately and sequentially as was thought before

  • stomach rumblings are contractions

  • fat is DIGESTED SLOWLY

alexis st martin

• shot with a musket close range. bro was a canadian. the wound healed, but there was a hole in his stomach still (fistula)

• he was tested on by dr william beaumont

history of nutrients

• 1800

• 1900

• 1967

• today

• 1800- energy is the one and only nutrient

• 1900- lipids, protiens, carbs, minerals

• 1967-vitamins identified

• today- the body needs more than 40 different nutrients for normal growth and maintenance

classical nutritional study

• Wisconsin

• wisconsin study in 1911-1913

  • two groups of 5 month old holstein heifers. one group got corn plants and the other group got wheat plants

  • in the first year- weight gains were similar, corn fed heifers sleeker and more vigorous

  • 2nd year- calving time:corn diet yielded normal calves, wheat diet— calves died, wheat fed cow produced less milk

• conclusion- wheat lacks some nutrient? this study led to the vit A discovery

nutritional research

early research was limited by analytical methods

detection of nutrients

wisconsin study:led to the use of purified diets

food

edible material that provides nutrients

feed

refers to foods, commonly used for animals

feedstuff

any materials made into or used as feed or food for animals

diet

a mixture of feedstuff used to supply nutrients to animals

ration

a daily supply of food or feed

nutrient requirements

what feed an animal eats is less important than what nutrients that it may contain

• non ruminant vs ruminant

Nutrient requirements again

• N'

• fat

• essential what

• energy

• n in the form of essential amino acids

• fat in the form of essential fatty acids

• essential minerals and vitamins

• energy in hte form of glucose

amount and proportion influence by… 3

• species and gastro intestinal tract type

• age of the animal

• level and type of productivity

nutrients

any chemical element or compound in the diet that is required for normal function

dietary essential

must be consumed via food

nonessential

nurient may be consumbed via the food or synthesized by the body from precursors

composition of animals feedsr

range from simple: Na or glucose

to complex: bakery byproducts or corn silage