Module 3.1 "Identify Internet Basics" Study Guide

Lesson 3.1 “Identify Internet Basics” Objectives

• 2.8 Identify basic networking concepts.

• 3.3 Explain the purpose and proper use of software.

• 3.4 Given a scenario, configure and use web browser features.

• 6.2 Explain methods to secure devices and security best practices.

What Is The Internet? (3.1.2)

• The Internet is a system of computer networks all over the world talking to each other, without any one person or group controlling it.

• It connects millions of computers, websites, and servers together. It's a network of networks.

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Protocols

• early 1980s

• shared language is called the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) - Network protocol suite used to implement the Internet and most WANs and LANs. It uses a four-layer network model that corresponds roughly to the OSI model as follows: Network Interface (Physical/Data Link), Internet (Network), Transport (Transport), Application (Session, Presentation, Application).

• All the Internet-connected computers follow these rules to maintain quick communication, as well as the integrity of the data.

• Data integrity is the idea that data sent over the Internet is accurate, consistent, complete, and correct when it arrives at its destination.

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Internet Architecture

• The Internet is a decentralized system

• meaning that there isn't one group or person that holds all the information on the Internet, or governs how the Internet runs.

• Every device can ask for information from others (or, act as a client), and every device can share information with others (or, act as a server). This is sometimes referred to as peer-to-peer architecture.

Peer-to-peer architecture

Administration paradigm whereby any computer device may be configured to operate as both server and client.

• allows smaller groups to share information just as easily as groups with more computing power.

Web Pages And Websites (3.1.3)

• is a collection of interconnected files that use the Internet to share content such as text, graphics, audio, video, and more.

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Web Content

• A scientist named Tim Berners-Lee suggested a way to link all the data together like a "web" using hypertext documents that could be stored on computers called servers.

• In 1990, he set up the very first web server and web page. By 1993, websites started to be available for everyone to use.

• a website is a collection of pages that are all linked together and share information.

• Every webpage uses a special kind of code that decides how it looks or appears on your screen.

• This special code is called HyperText Markup Language (HTML).

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) - A system of coded tags that identify the structure of the document files used for web pages.

• HTML is what organizes everything you see on a webpage, such as images, advertisements, and text.

• It also makes sure all the parts of the webpage work well together.

• Thanks to HTML, webpages can look the same and work properly no matter which browser you use to view them.

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Protocols

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - Application protocol used to provide web content to browsers. HTTP uses port 80. HTTPS(ecure) provides for encrypted transfers, using TLS and port 443.

• HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the basis of the World Wide Web.

• This protocol, or set of rules, allows a web browser to communicate with a web server and request a website, transmit the website data, and load it on your browser for you to see.

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Web Architecture

• The World Wide Web uses a design called client-server architecture to access and navigate information.

client-server architecture - Administration paradigm where some host machines are designated as providing server and services and other machines are designated as client devices that only consume server services.

• client, usually a person using a web browser, requests data from a web server. The server returns the page with the information requested. You can select any links in that document to request more information from the original web server or possibly create a request to a different web server. These hyperlinks are the key to the World Wide Web.

• The web server is equipped with powerful hardware, specialized software, and is expected to be running almost constantly.

• Servers have large amounts of memory, multiple CPUs, and large storage capacities.

• In addition to its power, the server will have better quality components than a traditional desktop, and more of them: servers typically have multiple hard drives and power supplies.

• All of these extras allow web servers to fulfill lots of requests in a short amount of time, and to stay available for nearly its whole lifespan.

Web Browsers (3.1.4)

Web Browser - Software designed to view HTML pages. Browsers must be configured carefully and kept up to date with system patches to make them less vulnerable to malware and other security concerns.

• is a program or application that allows you to view and use websites

• works by asking for resources, meaning the contents of a web page or site, from a web server and displaying them on your computer screen.

• Web browsers can deliver websites from local servers, or from anywhere on the Internet.

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Shared Browser Traits

• Navigation buttons: Move backward and forward through webpages you have recently viewed. If you hold down either button a window of recent history will appear.

• Refresh button: Forces the browser to reload the current website. The F5 key will also do the same for most browsers.

• Home button: Returns a browser to the default starting webpage.

• Address bar: Displays the name of the website or universal resource locator (URL) of the current web page.

• Browser tabs: Allow several websites to be opened in one browser window.

• Bookmarks: Store websites so you can easily visit the same site again later.

Safe Internet Browsing (3.1.5)

Certificates

-Issued by a Certificate Authority (CA) as a guarantee that a public key it has issued to an organization to encrypt messages sent to it genuinely belongs to that organization.

• Security certificates are digital documents that verify the identity of a website and allow an encrypted connection.

• purchase a certificate from a trusted company called a Certificate Authority (CA).

Certificate Authority (CA) - A server that guarantees subject identities by issuing signed digital certificate wrappers for their public keys.

• These authorities investigate the website to make sure the website is who it really says it is, and then issues the site a certificate.

• When your browser sees this certificate, it checks a few things:

• Is it from a trusted CA? In fact, a certificate that has been self-signed by a website owner is not very safe, because they have not been verified by a third-party CA.

• Is it still valid and not expired? If the certificate has expired, that means it's been some time since the CA verified the website. Any changes to the website after the expiration date may threaten your safety.

• You can view a website's certificate by clicking on the lock icon in the address bar.

• Check the issuer, the date it was issued and the date it expires, and that it's issued to the correct website.

• Make sure it's not a different version or a misspelled version of the website's name.

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HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

-Application protocol used to provide web content to browsers. HTTP uses port 80. HTTPS(ecure) provides for encrypted transfers, using TLS and port 443.

• makes sure there's a secure link between your browser and the store's website. This keeps your personal and payment details safe.

• Even if a hacker tries to peek at the data being sent, the secure connection scrambles your payment data.