NCMA 215 – Nutrition & Diet Therapy: Modules 10-17 Key Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering essential terms and definitions from Modules 10–17 of NCMA 215 to aid exam preparation.

Nutrition Education

Any combination of educational strategies, with environmental supports, designed to facilitate voluntary adoption of food- and nutrition-related behaviors that promote health and well-being.

Health Belief Model (HBM)

Behavior-change theory that predicts health actions based on an individual’s perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy.

Individual Perceptions (HBM)

A person’s perceived susceptibility to and severity of a health problem, influencing motivation to act.

Modifying Factors (HBM)

Demographic, sociopsychological, and structural variables that affect an individual’s health beliefs and behaviors.

Likelihood of Action (HBM)

The probability that a person will engage in a health behavior after weighing perceived benefits against perceived barriers.

Self-Efficacy Theory

Bandura’s theory that focuses on one’s belief in personal capability to perform a specific behavior successfully.

Performance Accomplishment

Self-efficacy source gained from personal mastery of a task.

Vicarious Experience

Self-efficacy source obtained by observing others succeed at a task.

Verbal Persuasion

Self-efficacy source derived from encouragement or feedback from others.

Emotional Arousal

Self-efficacy source related to interpretation of physiological or emotional states when facing a task.

Stages of Change Model

Prochaska & DiClemente’s six-stage framework describing readiness to change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination.

Precontemplation Stage

Stage where no intention to change behavior exists in the foreseeable future.

Contemplation Stage

Stage in which the individual considers change and weighs pros and cons.

Preparation Stage

Stage where the person makes plans and small steps toward behavior change.

Action Stage

Stage involving overt modification of behavior within the past 6 months.

Maintenance Stage

Stage in which new behavior is sustained for more than 6 months and efforts focus on relapse prevention.

Termination Stage

Final stage where the individual has complete confidence that the behavior will not return.

Theory of Reasoned Action

Fishbein & Ajzen model stating behavior is driven by behavioral intention, which is influenced by attitude toward the behavior and subjective norms.

Theory of Planned Behavior

Extension of the Theory of Reasoned Action adding perceived behavioral control as a determinant of intention and behavior.

Attitudes (TPB)

A person’s positive or negative evaluation of performing a behavior.

Subjective Norms

Perceived social pressure to perform or not perform a behavior.

Therapeutic Alliance Model

Barofsky’s model emphasizing an equal, collaborative partnership between caregiver and patient to foster self-care.

Concordance

Mutually agreed, consultative process between patient and provider, central to the therapeutic alliance.

Motivational Interviewing

Client-centered counseling style that enhances intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence.

Teaching-Learning Process

Four steps: assess needs & readiness, set mutual goals, conduct sessions, evaluate knowledge, attitudes, skills.

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

Conscientious integration of best research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values in decision-making for care.

Level I.A Evidence

Evidence derived from meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Level I.B Evidence

Evidence obtained from at least one RCT.

Level II Evidence

Evidence from well-designed controlled studies without randomization (II.A) or quasi-experimental studies (II.B).

Level III Evidence

Evidence from well-designed non-experimental studies such as comparative or correlational research.

Level IV Evidence

Evidence from expert committee reports or clinical experience of respected authorities.

GRADE – High Quality

Confidence that the study effect is very close to the true effect.

GRADE – Moderate Quality

Reasonable confidence in effect estimate; true effect is likely close but may differ substantially.

GRADE – Low Quality

True effect may differ significantly from the estimate.

GRADE – Very Low Quality

True effect is likely substantially different from the estimated effect.

Iowa Model of EBP

Five-step framework: identify problem, align with organizational priorities, form a team, implement project with literature review, evaluate outcomes.

Mandate

Judicial command directing enforcement of a court judgment or decree.

Executive Order

Presidential act establishing rules of general or permanent character to implement statutes or constitutional powers.

Presidential Decree

Legislation issued by President Ferdinand Marcos during Martial Law, having the force of law.

Republic Act

Philippine legislation enacted by Congress to implement constitutional principles.

Food Fortification

Addition of one or more essential nutrients to a food to prevent or correct population deficiencies.

LOI 441

Letter of Instruction integrating nutrition education into the Philippine school curriculum.

Presidential Decree 491

1974 Nutrition Act of the Philippines creating the National Nutrition Council and declaring July as Nutrition Month.

National Nutrition Council

Policy-making and coordinating body on nutrition in the Philippines.

Executive Order 51

1986 National Code regulating marketing of breast-milk substitutes and promoting breastfeeding.

Republic Act 7394

1992 Consumer Act of the Philippines protecting consumers against fraudulent and unfair practices.

Eight Consumer Rights

Rights to basic needs, safety, information, choice, representation, redress, consumer education, and a healthy environment.

Republic Act 7600

Rooming-In and Breastfeeding Act providing incentives to health facilities practicing rooming-in and breastfeeding.

Republic Act 8172

ASIN Law mandating nationwide salt iodization to prevent iodine deficiency disorders.

Republic Act 8976

2000 Food Fortification Act establishing voluntary and mandatory fortification programs.

Sangkap Pinoy Seal Program

DOH initiative granting a seal to manufacturers that voluntarily fortify foods meeting set standards.

National Food Fortification Day

Annual observance on November 7 to promote awareness of micronutrient fortification.

Republic Act 9711

Food and Drug Administration Act strengthening regulatory capacity of the former BFAD.

Republic Act 10028

Expanded Breastfeeding Promotion Act requiring workplace lactation stations and lactation periods.

Lactation Station

Private, clean area in workplaces for mothers to express or feed breast milk.

Breast Milk Bank

Health-facility service for collecting, pasteurizing, and storing donated breast milk.

Republic Act 10611

Food Safety Act of 2013 providing a farm-to-fork regulatory framework for food safety.

Food Safety

Assurance that food will not harm consumers when prepared and eaten as intended.

Food Safety Awareness Week

Philippine observance every October emphasizing the importance of safe, clean food.

Food & Water-Borne Diseases

Illnesses caused by infectious or non-infectious agents transmitted through contaminated food or water.

Allergy Awareness Month

May campaign promoting understanding and prevention of food allergies.

Republic Act 10862

Nutrition and Dietetics Law of 2016 regulating the practice of RNDs in the Philippines.

Republic Act 11148

Kalusugan at Nutrisyon ng Magnanay Act scaling up health and nutrition programs in the first 1,000 days of life.

Genomics

Study of all genes and their interactions to understand influence on growth and development.

End-of-Life (EOL) Decision Making

Ethico-moral nursing process addressing nutrition support and care when recovery is not possible.

Intercultural Competence

Ability of nutrition professionals to provide culturally specific strategies and communicate across diverse cultures.

Hot and Cold Theory (Filipino)

Belief that illness results from imbalance of hot and cold elements, guiding food and treatment choices.

Merienda

Traditional Filipino mid-morning and late afternoon snack time.

Lifelong Learning

Self-motivated, voluntary, continuous pursuit of knowledge for personal or professional development.

Library Search

Comprehensive search engine providing access to books, journals, articles, and other library resources.

Online Resources

Information accessible via the internet such as e-journals, webpages, forums, and online news.

Current Events Study

Use of contemporary news to develop informed, media-literate and engaged learners.

Stand-Alone Applications (Nutrition IT)

Computer programs like nutrient analysis or educational games that operate independently.

Linkage Applications

Technology tools (email, online services, bulletin boards) that connect users to global nutrition information.

Nutripreneurship

Entrepreneurial practice that drives creativity, innovation, and growth of nutrition-related businesses.

Nutripreneur

Nutrition professional who develops new products, services, or consultancy ventures in dietetics.

Functional Foods

Foods enhanced or formulated to provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition.

Consumer – Right to Safety

Entitlement to protection against products and services hazardous to health or life.

Subjective Norm (repeat)

Refer to earlier term 'Subjective Norms'; included for completeness as social pressure influencing behavior.