Hunter College BIOL 122 LB - Quiz 4 Study Material on Nephron Functions and Mitosis

THE NORMAL URINARY OUTPUT OF A HEALTHY KIDNEY IN A 24 HOUR PERIOD IS BETWEEN ________ AND ______ LITERS.

1.0 and 1.8 liters

THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD PLASMA FILTERED BY A NORMAL KIDNEY IN A 24 HOUR PERIOD IS BETWEEN __________ AND ________ LITERS.

150 and 180 liters

THE NORMAL RANGE FOR GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION IN A PERSON'S BLOOD IS ________ mg/100ml OF BLOOD

80 and 100 mg/100 ml

NAME TWO ABNORMAL URINARY CONSTITUENTS

glucose; albumin; ketone bodies; erythrocytes; hemoglobin; nitrites; bilirubin; lymphocytes; casts

DEFINE: ACID ASH FOODS

foods that increase the acidity of urine

A DIET HIGH IN PROTEINS WOULD RESULT IN WHAT pH VALUE IN A URINALYSIS TEST?

a lower more acidic pH (approximately 4.5)

_______________ IS THE TERM USED TO DESCRIBE A CONDITION OF HIGH BLOOD ACIDITY

acidosis

A ________________ DIET INCREASES THE pH OF URINE

vegetarian

A STRICT VEGETARIAN DIET MAY RESULT IN WHAT pH VALUE IN A URINALYSIS TEST?

a higher more basic pH (approximately 8.0)

A BACTERIAL INFECTION OF THE URINARY TRACT, WOULD RESULT IN WHAT pH VALUE IN A URINALYSIS TEST?

a higher more basic pH (approximately 8.0)

_________________ IS THE TERM FOR THE PRESENCE OF BILE PIGMENTS IN URINE

bilirubinuria

LIST A CAUSE OF BILIRUBINURIA

hepatitis; cirrhosis; bile duct blockage

LIST A CAUSE OF CASTS

filtrate flow rate is slow; the pH is low; the salt concentration is high

DEFINE: CASTS

hardened cell fragments, usually cylindrical, which are formed in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

NAME ONE OF THE CHARCTERISTICS USED TO IDENTIFY NORMAL URINE

absence of nitrates

WHAT IS THE NORMAL COLOR OF URINE?

pale yellow

MOST NEPHRONS CALLED _____________, ARE LOCATED ENTIRELY WITHIN THE CORTEX

cortical nephrons

NAME ONE OF THE BACTERIA THAT MAY CAUSE NITRITES IN THE URINE

E. Coli / gram-negative rods

WHAT TYPE OF MUSCLE, SMOOTH OR SKELETAL, IS FOUND IN THE EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

skeletal

WHAT IS THE LENGTH OF THE FEMALE URETHRA?

approximately 4 cm (1.5 inches) long

_______________ , THE ROLE OF THE GLOMERULUS, IS A LARGELY PASSIVE PROCESS IN WHICH A PORTION OF THE BLOOD PASSES FROM THE GLOMERULAR BED TO THE GLOMERULAR CAPSULE

filtration

NAME ONE OF THE THREE FUNCTIONS OF THE NEPHRON

filtration; reabsorption; secretion

PODOCYTES HAVE LONG, BRANCHING PROCESSES, ____________, THAT INTERDIGITATE WITH OTHER PODOCYTES.

foot processes

A DIET EXCESSIVELY HIGH IN CARBOHYDRATES CAN LEAD TO A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF _________________ IN URINE

glucose

IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS THE DIALYSATE CONTAINS _________&_________

glucose and salts

DEFINE: GLYCOSURIA

presence of glucose in the urine

GIVE A CAUSE FOR GLYCOSURIA

excessive carbohydrate intake; uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

_________________ IS THE TERM FOR THE PRESENCE OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN URINE

hematuria

GIVE A CAUSE FOR HEMATURIA

irritation of the urinary tract organs by calculi (kidney stones); infection or tumors of the urinary tract; or physical trauma to the urinary organs

GIVE A CAUSE FOR HEMOGLOBINURIA

hemolytic anemias; transfusion reactions; burns; poisonous snake bites; renal disease

_____________ IS THE TERM FOR THE PRESENCE OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN URINE

hematuria

THE KIDNEY MAINTAINS THE ELECTROLYTE, ACID‐BASE, AND FLUID BALANCES OF THE BLOOD AND IS THUS A MAJOR ____________ ORGAN OF THE BODY

homeostatic

LACK OF VOLUNTARY CONTROL OVER THE EXTERNAL SPHINCTER IS REFERRED TO AS _____________

incontinence

IN WHAT AGE GROUP IS INCONTINENCE NORMAL?

children 2 years and younger

GIVE ONE CAUSE FOR INCONTIENCE IN OLDER CHILDREN AND ADULTS

spinal cord injury; emotional problems; bladder irritability; other pathology of the urinary tract

WHAT TYPE OF MUSCLE, SMOOTH OR SKELETAL, IS FOUND IN THE INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

smooth

______________ CELLS FUNCTION AS BLOOD PRESSURE SENSORS IN THE WALLS OF THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE NEAR THE GLOMERULUS

juxtaglomerular cells / granular cells

NAME ONE OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS

juxtaglomerular cells; macula densa

EACH NEPHRON HAS A REGION CALLED THE _______________, THAT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN FORMING CONCENTRATED URINE

vasa recta

PARTS OF THE LOOPS OF HENLE OF THE ________________ NEPHRONS PENETRATE WELL INTO THE MEDULLA

juxtamedullary

GIVE A CAUSE OF KETONURIA

starvation; diets very low in carbohydrates

DEFINE: KETONURIA

the presence of ketone bodies in excessive amounts in urine

THE __________ IS A SPECIALIZED GROUP OF COLUMNAR CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS IN THE DISTAL CONVULUTED TUBULE ABUTTING THE JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS

macula densa

WHAT IS THE LENGTH OF THE MALE URETHRA?

approximately 20 cm (8 inches) long

THE PARASYMPATHETIC REFLEX THAT STARTS EACH TIME 200 ML OF URINE ACCUMULATE IN THE BLADDER IS CALLED?

micturition reflex

NITRITES IN THE URINE MAY BE INDICATIVE OF WHAT KIND OF INFECTION?

bacterial infection, particularly E. coli or other gram-negative rods

WOULD YOU NORMALLY EXPECT TO FIND LEUKOCYTES IN URINE?

no

WOULD YOU NORMALLY EXPECT TO FIND NITRITES IN URINE?

no

NAME TWO NORMAL CONSTITUENTS OF URINE, OTHER THAN WATER AND SODIUM

urea; potassium; phosphate; sulfate ions; creatinine; uric acid; calcium; magnesium; bicarbonate

THE ACTION OF ___________________ GIVES STANDING URINE AN AMMONIA‐LIKE ODOR

bacteria

THE URINE OF AN INDIVIDUAL WITH DIABETES MELLITUS HAS AN ODOR THAT SMELLS LIKE _____________

smells fruity or acetone-like

WHAT IS THE NORMAL ODOR OF URINE?

freshly voided urine is slightly aromatic, but bacterial action gives it an ammonia-like odor when left standing

NAME AN EXAMPLE OF AN ORGANIZED SEDIMENT THAT MAY BE FOUND ABNORMALLY IN URINE

white blood cells; red blood cells; casts

LIST A CAUSE OF PATHOLOGIC ALBUMINURIA

damage to glomerular membrane; damage through blows to kidney; damage through ingestion of heavy metals; damage by bacterial toxins; damage due to hypertension

______________ IS THE INFLAMMATION OF THE SAC AROUND THE HEART CAUSED BY KIDNEY FAILURE.

pericarditis

__________ ARE FAT DEPOSITS THAT SURROUND THE KIDNEYS

perirenal fat capsules

WHAT IS THE NORMAL pH FOR URINE?

pH of 4.5 to 8.0

LIST A CAUSE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ALBUMINURIA

excessive exertion; pregnancy; overabundant protein intake

DEFINE: PTOSIS (NEPHROPTOSIS)

drop of the kidneys to a more inferior position in the abdominal cavity

DEFINE: PYELONEPHRITIS

inflammation of the kidney

____________ IS THE TERM FOR THE PRESENCE OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS IN URINE

pyuria

GIVE A CAUSE OF PYURIA

inflammation of the urinary tract

LIST A CAUSE OF RENAL CALCULI

limited fluid intake; fever; kidney inflammation

NAME ONE INORGANIC COMPONENT NORMALLY FOUND IN URINE

sulfates; phosphates; chlorides

IN HEMODIALYSIS ____________ARE REMOVED FROM THE BLOOD.

toxic substances

THE TRIANGULAR REGION OF THE BLADDER DELINEATED BY THREE OPENINGS, TWO URETERS AND THE URETHRA, IS REFERRED TO AS THE _____________

trigone

DURING _____________, MANY OF THE FILTRATE COMPONENTS MOVE THROUGHT TUBULE CELLS AND RETURN TO THE BLOOD IN THE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

tubular reabsorption

_______________ ,THE REVERSE OF TUBULAR REABSORTION, IS IMPORTANT FOR THE DISPOSAL OF SUBSTANCE NOT ALREADY IN THE FILTRATE AND AS A DEVICE TO CONTROL BLOOD Ph

tubular secretion

IN A PREPARED URINE SAMPLE, _______________ ARE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES THAT FORM CRYSTALS OR PRECIPITATE FROM SOLUTION

unorganized sediments

NAME ONE UNORGANIZED SEDIMENT

uric acid crystals; calcium oxalate crystals; cholesterol crystals; ammonium ureate crystals; calcium phosphate crystals; calcium carbonate crystals

_______________ IS THE NAME GIVEN TO ABNORMAL BRAIN FUNCTION CAUSED BY KIDNEY FAILURE

uremic encephalopathy

NAME TWO PARTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

kidneys; ureters; bladder; urethra

DEFINE: UROBILINOGEN

pigment produced in the intestine from bilirubin and gives feces a brown color

DEFINE: UROCHROME

a pigment metabolite that arises from the body's destruction of hemoglobin and travels to the kidney as bilirubin or bile pigments

____________ IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH URINE EMPTIES FORM THE BLADDER

voiding / micturition

WOULD YOU NORMALLY EXPECT TO FIND SULFATES IN URINE?

yes

WOULD YOU NORMALLY EXPECT TO FIND CHLORIDES IN URINE?

no

WOULD YOU NORMALLY EXPECT TO FIND PHOSPHATES IN URINE?

yes

THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A URINE SAMPLE OBTAINED FROM A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL CAN VARY BETWEEN ________ AND _________.

1.003 and 1.030

A LOWER THAN NORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY FROM A URINE SAMPLE SHOULD BE BELOW __________.

1.003 or any number below this

A HIGHER THAN NORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY FROM A URINE SAMPLE IS ABOVE __________.

1.030 or any number above this

MANY DOCTORS USE DIALYSIS PREVENTIVELY IN _____________ WHEN URINE OUTPUT IS LOW AND CONTINUE UNTIL KIDNEY FUNCTION IS RESTORED

acute kidney failure

IN HEMODIALYSIS A __________________ IS SURGICALLY CREATED TO FACILITATE THE REMOVAL & RETURN OF BLOOD

arteriovenous fistula

IN HEMODIALYSIS AN _______________ SEPARATES THE BLOOD FROM THE DIALYSATE.

artificial membrane / artificial semi-permeable membrane

IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS A ___________ IS INSERTED IN THE ABDOMINAL WALL AND IS USED TO PUMP THROUGH THE DIALYSATE

catheter

FOR __________________, DIALYSIS MAY BE BEGUN WHEN KIDNEY'S AREN'T REMOVING WASTE PRODUCTS ADEQUATELY OR WHEN A PATIENT CAN NO LONGER PERFORM NORMAL DAILY ACTIVITIES

chronic kidney failure

A URINE SAMPLE OBTAINED FROM AN INDIVIDUAL SUFFERING FROM ___________ WILL HAVE A LOWER THAN NORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY.

diabetes insipidus

A URINE SAMPLE OBTAINED FROM AN INDIVIDUAL SUFFERING FROM ___________ WILL HAVE A HIGHER THAN NORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY.

diabetes mellitus; Addison's disease; albuminuria

GIVE ONE OF THE OUTCOMES OF A SUCCESSFUL DIALYSIS PROGRAM

reasonably normal life; a reasonable diet; an acceptable red blood cell count; normal blood pressure; no progression of nerve damage

WHAT CAN DIALYSIS BE USED TO TREAT?

acute kidney failure; chronic kidney failure

HOW OFTEN IS DIALYSIS NORMALLY PERFORMED?

most people need dialysis three times a week

IN THE PROCESS CALLED ______________________, BLOOD IS REMOVED FROM THE BODY AND PUMPED INTO A MACHINE THAT FILTERS THE TOXIC SUBSTANCES OUT OF THE BLOOD AND THEN RETURNS THE PURIFIED BLOOD TO THE PATIENT

hemodialysis

A URINE SAMPLE OBTAINED FROM AN INDIVIDUAL SUFFERING FROM DIABETES MELLITUS WILL HAVE A ________ THAN NORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY

higher

A URINE SAMPLE OBTAINED FROM AN INDIVIDUAL SUFFERING FROM ALBUMINURIA WILL HAVE A ____________ THAN NORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY

higher

IN HEMODIALYSIS THE COMPOSITION OF THE DIALYSATE IS SIMILAR TO _______________.

normal body fluids

IN ______________________ THE DIALYSATE DRAINS BY GRAVITY.

peritoneal dialysis

IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, THE _______________, A MEMBRANE IN THE ABDOMEN, IS USED AS THE FILTER

peritoneum

WHAT IS THE URINOMETER USED TO MEASURE?

specific gravity

NAME ONE CONDITION CAUSED BY KIDNEY FAILURE FOR WHICH DOCTORS RECOMMEND DIALYSIS.

abnormal brain function (uremic encephalopathy); inflammation of the sac around the heart (pericarditis); high blood acidity (acidosis) that doesn't respond to other treatments; heart failure; very high blood potassium concentration (hyperkalemia)

GIVE THE SPECIFIC NAME OF THE ENTIRE LAB APPARATUS USED TO MEASURE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF URINE

urinometer