IB BIO SL PROTEINS

What is a Proteome?

Set of expressed proteins in a particular cell or organism under a given set of environmental conditions.

What do proteins contain?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

What are polypeptide chains?

polymers

How long are polypeptide chains?

50 to 30,000 amino acids

Proteins and their function - Structural

component of cell membranes

components of cytoplasm

components of movement

components of hair, nails, horns, etc

Proteins and their function - Metabolic

hormones - regulatory chemical

energy transfer molecules for cell respiration

oxygen carrier in circulation

antibodies

enzymes

How many parts of an amino acid

5

5 parts of an amino acid

central carbon, hydrogen, amino group, carboxyl group, r group

amino group

NH2

carboxyl group

-COOH

r group

functional group

what are proteins composed of

20 possible amino acids

what can amino acids be classified as

polar, nonpolar, acidic, basic

how many amino acids are there

20

what makes amino acids different from each other

r group

what does a condensation reaction in proteins do

forms dipeptides

removes hydroxyl group from the carboxyl group of amino acids

removes hydrogen from amino group of the amino acid

removes 1 water

creates a covalent bond called a peptide bond

what type of bond is a peptide bond

covalent bond

what are the levels of protein structure

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

How many types of possible peptide chains are there

infinite

what is haemoglobin composed of

4 poly peptides - 2 alpha and 2 beta globins

where is haemoglobin found

red blood cells

what is haemoglobins main function

to transport oxygen around the body

is haemoglobin a protein

yes

what are immunoglobulins also called

antibodies

what produces immunoglobulins

white blood cells

how does immunoglobulin function

it binds to bacteria or pathogens

where is rhodopsin found

retina of the eye

what is rhodopsin

light sensitive pigment of rod cells

what does rhodopsin do

absorbs photons of light

changes in shape and causes a nerve impulse to be sent to the brain

what is collagen

rope-like fibrous protein

how many polypeptides are in collagen

3

what does collagen form

dermis of skin

mesh of fibres in skin

blood vessel walls

what is collagen a structural component of

teeth, bones, tendons

what is keratin

a fibrous protein

how many polypeptides in keratin

2

what is keratin found in

hair, nails, claws, hooves

what do digestive enzymes do

break down macromolecules into monomers

what is insulin responsible for

uptake of glucose into cells

what is insulin

peptide hormone

what does insulin do

reduces glucose concentration in the blood

binds to special receptors

what is the denaturing of proteins

loss of the 3d structure and function of a protein

what does the denaturing of proteins result in

alteration of bonds that main secondary and tertiary structure

what is the denaturing of proteins caused by

strong acids and bases

heavy metals

heat and radiation

detergents and solvents

can essential amino acids be synthesized

no

how can non essential amino acids be made

from other amino acids