A&P SLH ch. 1

chapter one of A&P for Speech, Language and Hearing

Anatomy

The Study of the structure of organisms.

Physiology

The study of functions of organisms.

Speech Subsystems

• Velopharyngeal - nasal

• Pharyngeal - oral

• Laryngeal

• Respiratory

Respiratory : what is found in the respiratory?

• Pulmonary airways

• Lungs

• Ribcage

• Diaphragm

• Abdominal wall

• Abdominal content

Laryngeal: what is found in the Laryngeal?

• Hyoid bone

• Epiglottis

• Laryngeal Cartilage

Pharyngeal - Oral: what is found in the Pharyngeal-oral?

• Oral Cavity

• Middle Cavity

• Lower Pharynx

Velopharyngeal - Nasal: what is found in the Velopharyngeal - Nasal?

• Nasal Passages

• Upper pharynx

• Velum (soft palate)

Hearing Subsystem

• Outer Ear

• Middle Ear

• Inner Ear

Outer ear

• Pinna

• External Auditory Meatus

Middle Ear

• Tympanic membrane

• Ossicles

Inner Ear

• Cochlea

• Semicircular canals

• Auditory Nerve

• Auditory

Anterior

Towards the front of the body

Posterior

Towards the back of the body

Superior

Towards the head

Inferior

Away from the head

Medial

Towards the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Towards the body

Distal

Away from the body E

External

Towards the outside of the body

Internal

Away from the outside of the body

Ipsilateral

Same side of the body

Contralateral

Opposite side of the body

Sagittal

Divides the body into right and left parts

Midsagittal

Divides the body into equal right and left parts

Parasagittal

Divides the body into unequal right and left parts

Coronal

Divides the body into front and back parts

Horizontal

Divides the body into upper and lower parts

Epithelial Tissue

Layers of cells that covers the surfaces of the body

Connective Tissue

Layers of cells that connect structures of the body

Tendon

Thick collagen fibers that attach muscle to the bone

Aponeuroses

Wide and Flat collagen fibers that attach muscle to the bone

Ligaments

Thick collagen fibers that attach either bone to cartilage or bone to bone

Cartilage

Layers of cells that are firm but flexible

Bone

Layers of cells that are hard and NOT flexible

Muscle Tissue

Layers of the cells that move or hold the structures of the body

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntarily controlled muscle fibers that move or support the skeleton

Fascicles

Groups of parallel muscle fibers helf together with connective tissue

Motor unit

Nerve + Associated muscle fiber

Process of Muscle Activation

1) The brain sends a signal to the peripheral nerve.

2) The peripheral nerve(s) send a signal to muscle fibers.

3) Muscle fibers are activated, resulting in a contraction

Types of muscle contraction

• Concentric

• Isometric

• Eccentric

Concentric Contraction

A muscle fiber activation resulting in the shortening of muscles (small)

Isometric Contraction

A muscle fiber activation resulting in static muscle length (stays the same)

Eccentric Contraction

A muscle fiber activation resulting in the lengthening of muscles (long)

Compressions

When air molecules or other substances increase in density

Rarefactions

When air molecules or other substances decrease in density

Stage of Spoken Communication

1. Neural

2. Muscular

3. Structural

4. Aeromechanical

5. Acoustic

6. Auditory mechanical

7. Sensory

8. Neuroperceptual