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The Checkers Speech
A shameless speech Nixon delivered live on television in which he refuted claims that he accepted illegal campaign donations by claiming that the only gift he ever received was his family cocker spaniel checkers.
Korean War Armistice
One of Dwight D Eisenhower’s principle campaign promises in which he would pull American troops out of Korean and end the Korean war. Would take a very long time for the war to finally put to an end.
General George Marshall
Became a notable general tho was best known for his role as chief of staff of the armed forces. Came up with the idea for the marshall plan which bears his name.
Army McCarthy hearings
McCarthy’s trial of several military figures for un-american, communist activities. The hardened military vets did not crack under the stress and so McCarthy frequently embarrassed himself when targeting them.
Jim Crow Laws
A set of laws which governed the south which segregated all aspects of society, from schools to busses to bathrooms. They kept blacks generally separate, poor, and powerless
Executive Order 8802
FDR’s executive order to put an end to workplace discrimination against African americans in the U.S.’s defence industry.
Thurgood Marshall
The supreme court’s first African American justice appointed by Lyndon B Johnson. A distinguished civil rights lawyer who fought Jim Crow Laws.
Rosa Parks
The college educated black woman who first proclaimed that blacks would no longer submit to segregation laws quietly by sitting in the whites only section of a bus, kicking off a year long boycott of busses in montgomery.
Earl Warren
The republican chief justice in 1954 who was the first to really tackle civil rights issues. Shocked and angered many other conservatives and white supremacists through his fighting for equal rights. Kicked off desegregation. Most notable case was brown vs the board of education which overroad that separate but equal was constitutional.
little Rock Central High School
One of the first schools in Arkansas to seat black students. The first 9 colored students needed to be escorted in by federal troops after Governor Orval Faubus called in the national guard to impede them.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
An organization formed by MLK to mobilize the already flourishing black churches to fight for Black rights.
Greensboro Sit-Ins
The first of the viral sit in protests in which 4 college students demanded service at a restaurant in Greensboro NC, then came back the next day with 19, then 85, until they were allowed to be served. A non violent way to impede buisness.
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
An organization led by Ella Baker that sought to provide more direction for student action movements like the sit ins, pray ins, etc. An intentionally gruff, grassroots movement that mobilized the public.
Indian New Deal
The Roosevelt era act to reclass native tribes as legal entities. Would be repealed by eisenhower in favor of an assimilation policy more akin to the Dawes Severalty Act.
Interstate Highway act
A bold plan to spend some 27 billion dollars to build new multi lane roads all across the country. Led to the growth of the automobile, travel, and gas industries, sped up suburbanization, exacerbated air quality and energy consumption issues.
Merger of AFL and CIO
The merging of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of industrial organizations to form one super union that was ripe with corruption and was targeted by congress.
John Foster Dulles
Eisenhower’s secretary of state who proposed a policy of boldness to roll back the red tide and free captive peoples.
Massive Retaliation
Ike’s new doctrine of reducing military spending by focusing on a cheaper fleet of super bombers that could carry nuclear bombs to retaliate severely in the event of Chinese or Soviet aggression. Too large of a sledge hammer in situations where finesse was needed.
Geneva Summit
A summit held in Geneva Switzerland between Eisenhower and Khrushchev to talk about Berlin. It went well the relationship between the two leaders improved so Khrushchev agreed to another meeting the next year.
Hungarian Uprising
A popular democratic uprising against the communist government of Hungary that would not be successful in lue of western aid.
Dien Bien Phu
A fort a french Garrison was trapped in in their war against nationalist vietnamese forces fighting for independence. It was suggested to Eisenhower that he finally utilize the bombers to relieve the area, but he held back.
geneva Conference on Indo-China
A multinational conference held in Geneva that divided Vietnam into a pro and anti communist state at the 17th parallel. A part of the terms was that within 2 years a referendum would be held on unification, something the southern government refused to carry out as they knew they would lose.
Ngo Dinh Diem
Leader of the pro-west southern vietnamese state.
Warsaw Pact
The Communist equivalent to Nato. The organization that housed all of the Soviet’s communist satellite states.
Shah of Iran
The leader installed by the CIA after an orchestrated coup in Iran. Served as a prowest semi-dictator that allowed the west to continue to have access to Iranian oil.
Suez Crisis
In response to American investors pulling out of talks to build a major dam on the upper Nile, the Egyptians would nationalize the Suez canal and prevent French, British, and American passage. Western Europe began becoming increasingly reliant on Middle eastern oil, so Britain, France, and Israel would coordinate an effort to seize the suez, tho the plan failed as the U.S. withheld oil for their armies.
eisenhower Doctrine
Eisenhower’s policy of allowing middle eastern governments to request millitary or economic assistance to fight communist forces.
Opec
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, oil producing countries like iran, kuwait, and venezuela would collaborate to agree on oil prices to have more control in the international market.
Sputnik
The first satellite in space sent up by the soviet union. Raised serious concerns about national security as it meant the soviets had the technology for inter continental ballistic missiles that could carry nukes.
Missile Gap
A fictional gap between the number and strength of Soviet and American Missiles that was used as justification for the expansion of America’s arsenal of nukes.
NASA
The national Aeronautics and Space Administration that developed the U.S.’s own ICBM’s and then would be responsible for the US’s space program.
National Defense and Education Act
An act passed by Eisenhower following a comparison of the Soviet and American education systems that would encourage schools to add sciences, engineering, and world languages to their curriculums.
The Kitchen Debate
An informal debate Nixon had with Khrushchev in model american kitchen on display in Moscow. The two debated the merits of either system by pointing to the many consumer products they were surrounded by.
Nixon-Kennedy Debates
A series of 4 televised debates between Kennedy and Nixon that solidified the idea that image not substance was more important in this new age of politics. Voters found JFK’s youth far more appealing and inspiring than Nixon’s tired appearance.
Betty Friedan
The founder of the modern feminist movement. Appealed to female boredom with suburban home life. Wrote The Feminine Mystique which sold to millions of educated women and became a classic in womens’ protest literature.
Robert Kennedy
Brother of JFK and appointed his Attorney general at the young age of 35. Worked to redirect the focus of the FBI to organized crime cases and civil rights enforcement not internal security.
Robert McNamara
Ex Ford executive who would become take over the department of defense under JFK.
The Peace Corps
A new organization established by JFK that gave young americans the opportunity to volunteer by sharing their know how with developing countries.
Man on the Moon
Kennedy’s 24 billion dollar project to place America back on top as the world’s preeminent technological power. The apollo missions that sent a man to the moon and back.
Vienna Conference
Kennedy and Khrushchev’s first meeting together in Vienna. Khrushchev threatened to cut off western access to Berlin through east Germany.
Berlin Wall
A concrete and barbed wire wall that encircle the capitalist half of berlin to prevent people from continuing to flow out of east germany.
Flexible Response
An antidote to Dulles Massive retaliation, Kennedy raised spending to diversify the armed forces so that a branch could be deployed to fit whatever situation was needed. Included the strengthening of the green berets, a group specialized in anti guerilla combat.
Alliance for Progress
Marketed as the Latin American Marshall plan, the investment was inadequate to solve the many social problems of South America or foster a strong alliance.
Peaceful Coexistence or Detente
The policy Kennedy pushed of the Soviets and Americans peacefully coexisting so as to not start a nuclear war by scaling back armaments and stopping nuclear tests.
James Meredith
A 29 year old air force veteran who needed to be escorted into his first class at the University of Mississippi by 300 federal marshals and 3000 troops.
March on Washington, Aug 1963
A peaceful march of 200,000 white and black civil rights supporters to the lincoln memorial to raise awareness and show support for proposed civil rights legislation.
Medgar Evers
A black mississippi civil rights advocate who was shot the same night Kennedy delivered his historic civil rights speech.
Lee Harvey Oswald
The assassin of JFK
