Organism Names

Bifidobacteria

transports polymeric sugars in breast milk directly through the plasma membrane, allowing for their fermentation

Staphylococcus epidermidis

normal skin bacterium that can prevent the colonization of other pathogenic bacteria

Streptococcus salivarius

prevents oral infections

Streptococcus mutans

Glucotransferase converts glucose into dextran to dental plaques to calculus

Plaques are colonized by anaerobic bacteria and undergo lactic acid fermentation, decalcifying enamel, causing cavities

Heliobacter pylori

invades the gastric mucosa of the stomach wall destroying it causing gastric ulcers

Bifidobacterium bifidum

in ileum

Streptococci pneumoniae

Naturally inhabit the upper respiratory tract, but in those with weakly immune system may cause pneumonia

Lactobacilli acidophilus

In female genitals, ferment glycogen to lactic acid, lowering the pH to 4.4, preventing pathogenic growth

Butyrate

primary source of calories for intestinal epithelial cells - no weight gain

Propionate

release of intestinal hormones that suppress hunger - no weight gain

Acetate

precursor for lipid synthesis in liver and fat - weight gains

Buchnara aphidicola

Gram-negative bacteria endosymbiont that lives in the bacteriocytes of aphids, making aa that can’t make

Lactoperoxidase

Antimicrobial characteristics of the oral cavity

Mycobacterium

tuberculosis; lasts a long time in the external environment, high virulence

Hyaluonidase

produced by bacteria to hydrolyze hyaluronic acid (cements cells together) to create intracellular spaces/gaps that allow pathogenic entry

Collagenase

breaks down collagen (connective tissue)

Leukocidins

type of pore-forming exotoxin that destroys phagocytic cells

Hemolysins

type of pore-forming exotoxin that destroys erythrocytes

Penicillin and cepalosporin

contains beta-lactam rings that attach to transpeptidation enzymes to block peptide cross-links in peptidoglycan synthesis, preventing cell wall synthesis

Vancomycin

binds to D-Ala and blocks transpeptidation

Bacitration

Inhibits carriers that transport cell wall precursors from crossing the PM; external use only, is toxic to the kidneys

Polymixins

binds to and disrupts the LPS and phospholipids of PM of gram-negative bacteria to increase permeability

Tetracycline

binds to the 30s subunit to interfere with aminoacyl-tRNA binding

Erythromycin

Binds to 50s subunit; inhibits elongation of growing polypeptide

Ciprofloxacin

inhibits DNA gyrase

Competitive inhibition

normal PABA - competes with sulfailamide, PAS in folic acid synthesis in bacteria

Base analog

causes incorrect base pairings in replication or transcription

Triclosan

broad-spectrum phenolic drug that inhibits bacterial fatty acid synthesis

Resistant triclosan bacteria

have efflux pumps that pump triclosan out of the cell before that have an effect

Streptomycin

inhibit protein synthesis

Clostridium botulinum

tetanus, lives in soil and enters skin from punctures

Salks Vaccine

inactivates polio virus; killed pathogens, controls virema but not replication in gastrointestinal mucosa

Sabin Vaccine

oral polio vaccine; live, attenuated, controls in the gastrointestinal mucosa the source) has the risk of reverting to virulent form, resulting in vaccine-associated paralytic polio

Plasmodium falciparum

malaria

Vibro cholerae

Cholera - exotoxin that invades epithelial cells in intestinal mucosa

S. tyothimonum and S. enteritidis

Samonellosis; gram neg endotoxin (LPS) that invades intestinal lining

Enterotoxigenic E. coli

binds to intestinal epithelial cells and produces enterotoxins to secrete electrolytes and water into the lumen, causing diarrhea

Enteroinvasive E. coli

invades cell and produces enterotoxins causing diarrhea

Enteropathogenic E. coli

binds to cells, causing lesions and damage to microvilli, and causing diarrhea

Enterohemmhagic E.coli

toxin kills vascular epithelial cells, causing bloody diarrhea; causes more of the US

Clostridium Botulism

Obligate anaerobic endospore forming bacteria that in it vegetative state produces toxin that causes flaccid paralysis

Botulism is a

neurotoxin that binds to motor neuron synapses, cleaving synaptobrevin, preventing exocytosis of acetylcholine, resulting in no contractions and flaccid paralysis

Nirtogenase

nitrogen fixing enzyme that pushed N₂ to react with H₂ to create ammonia

Rhizobium

nitrogen-fixing bacteria that reside in nodules next to legumes

Nitrosomanas

nitrifying genes that converts NH₄⁺ into nitrites

Nitrobacter

nitrifying genes that oxidizes NO₂^- into NO₃^-

Proteinase

breaks down protein to smaller peptide chains

Peptidase

breaks peptide bonds to release amino acids

Deaminase

removes the amino group from amino acids to leave ammonia

Pseudomonas

denitrifying bacteria in soils that reduce NH₃ back into N₂O or N₂Alcanivorax borkumensis

Alcanivorax borkumensis

Naturally produces glycolipid surfactants which break down oils to easily feed on hydrocarbons