Religion Final 2025

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103 Terms

1
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What is a soul, according to Aristotle?

The form of a living thing.

2
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What are the three souls, or kinds of soul?

Vegetal, animal, rational.

3
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What two powers are found in the second kind of soul?

Sensitive, locomotive.

4
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What are the three acts of the intellect?

Understanding, judgment, reasoning.

5
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In what way do all humans have the same dignity or worth?

They are all made in the image and likeness of God (rational soul).

6
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What are virtues, generally-speaking?

Perfections of our rational powers that make us better humans and more like God.

7
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What is the difference between acquired virtue and infused virtue?

Acquired can be learned just by exercising our rational powers; infused cannot–if God does not infuse them, we cannot get them.

8
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What does the Greek word “angelos” mean (same for the Hebrew word “malakh”)?

Messenger.

9
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Name the nine choirs of angels, as Dionysius gives them.

Seraphim, cherubim, thrones, dominions, virtues, powers, principalities, archangels, angels.

10
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What is the difference between an angel and a demon?

Moral only–angels permanently choose to do God’s will and demons permanently choose to oppose it.

11
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What is it about humans that makes them 'Imago Dei'?

They have intellect and will/rational (immaterial) soul.

12
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What two powers are found in the first, most basic kind of soul?

Nutritive, augmentative.

13
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What does the sensitive power include?

External senses (the 5), internal senses (cognition–memory, imagination, estimation, coordination), emotions.

14
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Name two acquired virtues.

Prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance, wisdom, patience, humility, kindness, etc.

15
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What does the Greek word “daimon” mean?

Spirit.

16
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What is the basic job description of angels?

Agents of divine providence (how God gets stuff done in the world).

17
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What is the privation theory of evil?

Evil is the lack of a due good.

18
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What two kinds of evil does the Catechism discuss?

Moral (sin) and physical (suffering, pain, loss).

19
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What makes the existence of moral evil possible, according to the Catechism?

Finite creatures with free will.

20
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What lies does the serpent tell Eve?

You will not die (they do, just not right away); you will be like God (they already are); you will know good and evil (they already do).

21
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What harmonies are destroyed by the sin of Adam and Eve?

Harmony between humans and God, humans and creation, humans and the rest of the universe.

22
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What is St. Augustine’s definition of (actual) sin?

Sin is a deed, word, or desire contrary to divine law.

23
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Name and briefly explain the four effects of Original Sin:

Darkened intellect, Weakened Will, Disintegration, Concupiscence

24
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Explain Darkened Intellect:

WE HAVE TROUBLE DISTINGUISHING GOOD FROM EVIL

25
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Explain Weakened Will:

WE GIVE UP ON GOODS AND FAIL TO AVOID EVILS EVEN WHEN WE WANT TO

26
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Explain DISINTEGRATION:

OUR PASSIONS (ANIMAL POWERS) REBEL AGAINST OUR REASON

27
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Explain CONCUPISCENCE:

WE HAVE AN INCLINATION TO DO EVIL (IT SEEMS FUN)

28
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What is the greatest example of God bringing good out of evil, according to the Catechism?

The death of Jesus (we killed God when he came to save us; that death became the way he saved us).

29
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In what ways is the serpent telling the truth when it tempts Eve?

They don’t die immediately; they do know good and evil in a new (really bad) way.

30
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Define Original Sin.

The wounding effect of the first sin of Adam and Eve on human nature.

31
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Name and briefly explain the punishments Adam receives for his role in the first sin: Labor.

He must labor and struggle against the earth for survival.

32
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Name and briefly explain the punishments Adam receives for his role in the first sin: Death.

He dies and returns to dust.

33
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Name and briefly explain the punishments Eve receives for her role in the first sin: Pain.

She experiences pain in bringing children into the world.

34
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Name and briefly explain the punishments Eve receives for her role in the first sin: Domination.

She is dominated by her husband.

35
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What is the title of the book St. Anselm writes about the Incarnation?

Cur Deus Homo.

36
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When did St. Anselm write this book?

~1100 AD (late 1090s).

37
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What is the fundamental question that Boso poses to Anselm in this book?

Why does God save us by means of the Incarnation when He could do it other (better) ways?

38
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Name two of the primary sources that influence St. Anselm’s composition of the book.

St. Augustine’s De Trinitate and Gregory the Great Moralia in Job.

39
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What does infidel mean?

Unbeliever (specifically in Christ, in this case).

40
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Why does Boso insist that Anselm give a different kind of answer than his first conveniens attempt?

It is not persuasive to unbelievers–they need rational proof of necessity/possibility first.

41
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To what divine attributes does Anselm appeal when he gives his second answer to Boso?

Omniscience/omnipotence (God cannot fail).

42
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What would ruin God’s plan for the human race if He did nothing about it?

Sin.

43
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How does Anselm respond to Boso’s suggestion that God save us by means of an intermediary?

That would make us servants of both God and whoever saved us, and in our final state we must be servants of God alone, equal to the holy angels.

44
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What was St. Anselm’s job when he wrote this book?

Archbishop of Canterbury.

45
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How does St. Anselm’s work in this book relate to St. Augustine’s De Trinitate?

Augustine argues that the Incarnation is 'convenient' but Anselm wants to strengthen that to 'necessary'.

46
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Why would the details of the Incarnation be considered a dishonor to God?

The indignities of change and human life are (infinitely) beneath Him.

47
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What does Boso insist that Anselm do to justify his use of conveniens arguments?

First give a rational demonstration of necessity.

48
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What is wrong with Anselm’s response that omniscient/omnipotent planners cannot fail?

It only proves that God must save us; it does not address Boso’s question about how He does so.

49
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What do the angels have to do with God’s final solution to the problem of human sin?

In our final state we must be equal to the holy angels.

50
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What is the primary question of the book that Anselm and Boso are attempting to answer?

Why does God save us by means of the Incarnation when He could do it other (better) ways?

51
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What definition of justice does Anselm use in chapter eleven?

To render to another what is due to them.

52
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What part of an injustice does satisfaction fix?

The secondary harm of dishonor/insult.

53
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What are the three conditions or characteristics of satisfaction that he discusses?

More than what was taken, pleasing to the injured party, different than what was previously owed.

54
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What alternative to satisfaction does Anselm discuss in chapter twelve?

Punishment.

55
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What absurdities does Anselm think arise if God does nothing about sin?

No difference between guilty and innocent, injustice more free than justice, sin = God.

56
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What divine attributes “would be lost” (per impossibile) if God were to tolerate the supreme injustice against Himself?

Justice (becoming party to the sin) or omniscience (didn’t know about it) or omnipotence (couldn’t do anything about it).

57
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How does punishment restore God’s honor according to Anselm in chapter fourteen?

By taking from man what would have been his, God reasserts the dominion that we denied.

58
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What distinction about honor does Anselm make in chapter fifteen to answer Boso’s question about God preserving His honor?

It is both/either a divine attribute or the order and beauty of the universe praising Him.

59
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So how is it that God’s honor is always preserved and never lost?

In the first sense it cannot change and in the second sense it is always regulated by divine will and turned back to order one way or another.

60
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How does Anselm define sin in chapter eleven?

Not to render to God what is due to Him (or injustice against God).

61
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What is it that we owe God, according to Anselm?

That our will be completely subject to His.

62
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What are the two basic possibilities for restoring lost honor?

Punishment and satisfaction.

63
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What notion of mercy does Anselm reject in chapter twelve?

Ignoring the problem or doing nothing about it (skipping out on punishment or satisfaction).

64
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If God cannot “forgive” sin as Anselm says, why does He command us to do so?

He is commanding us not to do His job for Him.

65
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What does the treasure case represent in the analogy of the pearl?

Heaven.

66
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What does the rich man represent in the analogy of the pearl?

God.

67
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What is the first reason, according to St. Anselm, we cannot make satisfaction for our sins?

We cannot give God anything that we don’t already owe Him prior to sin (we owe Him 'everything').

68
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How 'big' is sin according to Anselm and Boso?

Greater than an infinite number of universes.

69
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What is the example of the servant and the hole in the ground meant to illustrate?

When it is our fault we cannot do something, our inability to do it is not an excuse.

70
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Why is it no good for us if God “drops us off in heaven” without actually making us just?

We would be miserable since we would always desire to be just and never be able to do so–heaven would be hell to us.

71
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What does the pearl represent in the analogy of the pearl?

The human race.

72
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What do the “choice treasures” represent in the analogy of the pearl?

Angels.

73
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What is the second reason, according to St. Anselm, we cannot make satisfaction for our sins?

We could never give anything “more” because the gravity of the sin is infinite.

74
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What silly sin does Anselm give as an example when he covers the second problem with making satisfaction for sin?

A look contrary to the will of God.

75
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What did God place Adam in the garden to do, according to Anselm?

Vindicate His honor by shaming the devil.

76
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What would we have to do in order to return the thing we took from God originally?

Restore eternal life to the human race by making sinners into non-sinners.

77
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How does ruling out both punishment and satisfaction as options prove the necessity of the Incarnation?

It means the dilemma is broken and there was a mistake made earlier in the argument when they ruled out the Incarnation as a possibility.

78
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What does the title of the book mean?

Why a God-man (Deus and Homo should be thought of as a hyphenated word).

79
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How is the Hopkins poem similar to the canticle of St. Francis?

Both praise God through different aspects of creation.

80
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What does Hopkins mean by 'so God was god of old'?

In the Incarnation God became like the pagan gods–local, finite, material.

81
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Name the first and most important of the Marian dogmas.

Mary is the Mother of God (Theotokos).

82
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What Christological heresy was this first dogma formulated to refute?

Nestorianism.

83
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What are the two basic ways to explain Scripture’s reference to Jesus having brothers?

Children from Joseph’s previous marriage or cousins.

84
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What is the basic claim of the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception?

Mary was preserved from the effects of Original Sin from the first moment of her existence.

85
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What is the most remarkable/miraculous part of the Church’s doctrine that Mary was Perpetual Virgin?

She remained a virgin even during the birth of Jesus (his delivery was a miracle).

86
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In what year was the Immaculate Conception definitively taught by the Church?

1854.

87
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How is the final Marian dogma a direct consequence of the Immaculate Conception?

She did not owe the penalty of death for sin.

88
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In what year was the Assumption definitively taught by the Church?

1950.

89
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 What does “eschatology” mean?

STUDY OF THE LAST THINGS

90
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Name the four last things.

DEATH JUDGMENT HEAVEN HELL

91
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What is unusual (and problematic) about the last end of humans?

OUR LAST END IS A SUPERNATURAL ONE (GOD) THAT EXCEEDS ALL OF OUR POWERS

92
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 Complete the quotation I told you was going to be on this quiz: “You have made us for Yourself…”

AND OUR HEARTS ARE RESTLESS UNTIL THEY REST IN YOU

93
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What is the most basic, natural reason that human religions exist?

WE SEEK OUR LAST END TOGETHER IN SOCIETIES, NOT JUST INDIVIDUALLY

94
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What are the two possible human emotional reactions to this docta ignorantia?

HOPE AND DESPAIR

95
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What does God do to remedy our inability to reach Him as our last end?

HE GIVES US SANCTIFYING GRACE AND THE THEOLOGICAL VIRTUES OF FAITH, HOPE, AND CHARITY

96
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 Why is “detachment” a necessary part of reaching our last end?

BECAUSE NONE OF THEM CAN BE OUR LAST END BUT WE TEND TO TREAT THEM THAT WAY–LOVE THEM FOR GOD’S SAKE ONLY

97
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What is the connection between contemplation and action in reaching our last end?

CONTEMPLATION EMPOWERS LOVE OF NEIGHBOR AND VICE VERSA

98
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What is the “bad news” about God being our last end?

BECAUSE WE HAVE NO POWERS CAPABLE OF ATTAINING GOD, WE CANNOT REACH OUR LAST END

99
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What are some things that interfere with or corrupt the human search for God?

HUMAN IGNORANCE, MALICE OF PEOPLE TRYING TO MISLEAD US, FALLEN ANGELS

100
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 What is the most reasonable human reaction to realizing that we have a last end we cannot know and cannot reach?

DESPAIR