BRYOPHYTES AND FERNS

PLANT ORIGINS

CREATIONIST:

• 3rd day of creation week

EVOLUTIONIST

• evolved from green algae

• land plants first evolve in the ordovician

• first vasclar plants by late ordovician

RHYNIE CHERT

LOWER DEVONIAN OF SCOTLAND

EXPETIONALLY PRESERVED PLATNS, FUNGUS, LICHEN AND ANIMAL FOSSILS

PLANTS

• horneophytopsida

• aglaophyton

• rhyniophytes

• lycophyta

BYROPHYTES- the non vascular plants

Paraphyletic grouping

• non vascular- no phloem or xylem

• all require external water to reproduce (usually dew or rain)

• all have mycorrhizal fungi associated with rhizoids

• alternation of generations is very conspicuous

THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS

• Hepaticophyta- liverworts

• anthocerophyta- hornworts

• bryophyta- mosses

Hepaticophyta

• liver worts

• most common ones have lobed, leaf-like thalli

• liverworts can reproduce asexually or. seexually

ANTHOCEROPHYTA

• hornworts

• sporophytes are tall horn-like structure

• gametophuytes are flat thalli

• reproduce asexually and sexually

Bryophyta

• mosses

• fossil record only back to carboniferous permian

• leaves have no mesophull tissue stomata petiole or veins

• gametophytes are leafy

• sporophytes are tall stalks

Lycopodiophyta

lycopods and zosterophy

zosterophylls

• silurian-devonian

• likely paraphyletic

• could be smooth or spiny

• - enations -tinyh leaf like structure with no veins

Lycopods

SPorophytes have mirophylls- leaves with single unbranched veins

possess true roots and true stems 

today: clu mosses and quill worts

past: also arborescent forms (trees)

ex: lepidodendron

CLUB MOSS: TYPE OF LYCOPODIOPHYTA IN TRACHEOPHYTA

EXAMPLES:

• lycopodium- groun pine

• selaginella- spike moss

has heterospory

• 2 different kinds of sporees and gametophytes 

• also found in angiosperms and conifers

SELAGINELLA REPRODUCTION

MICROSPORE

• yields the male gametophyte

MEGASPORE

• yields the female gametophyte

POLYPODIOPSIDA

• ferns and their relatives

• no seeds equisetidea- hrosetails

• ophioglossidae- wisk fern

• marattiidae

• polupodiidae- leptosprorangiate ferns

SPHENOPHYTES

• horsetails and scouring rushses

• some were trees in the past

• ribbed stems photosynthesis occurs in stems

• hollow central canal

• silica in the epidermis

SPHENOPHYTE REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL- fragmentation

sexual-

Psilophyta

• whisk ferns sporophytes ae dichotomously forked

• no leaves or roots

• have enations ( tiny leaf like flaps with no veins)

POLYPODIDAE

• FERNS

• LEAVES are called frond

• fronds beign coild at tips as crosies 

• sporangia are small, rust colored patches on lowers surface of bladesr

• REPRODUCTION= prothallus-gametophytes

PLANT FOSSIL RECORD

• FIRST LADN PLANTS-SILURIAN/DEVONIAN

• CARBONIFEROUS/permian dominated by lycopsids spenophytes,ferns and gymnosperms

• angiosperms dont show up until cretaceous 

• evolutionists: evolution of more primitve to more advanced plants