D3.1 Plant Reproduction

Reproduction in flowering plants

(6 ways)

Pollination

Fertilisation

Seed dispersal

Germination

Mobilisation of food reserves for growth

Growth and further embryo development

Structure of flowering plants

Filament

Anther

Stamen

Ovary

Style

Stigma

Pistil/Carpel

Petal

stamen is composed of

anther filament

pistil is composed of

stigma style ovule

pollen

male gamate of plant

anther

pollen producing organ of the flower

filament

slender talk supporting the anther

stigma

sticky receptive top of pistil that is responsible for catching pollen

style

tube shape connection between stigma and ovule

elevates stigma to help catch pollen

ovule

sturcture containing female reproductive cells

after fertilization turn to seeds

other support sturctures

petal sepal

petal

brightly colored modified leaves attracting pollinators

sepal

outer covering which protects flower when in bud

pollination

occurs when pollen grains from anther land on the stigma.

hybrid vigour

Polyploid crops will typically grow larger and demonstrate improved longevity and disease resistance

self pollination

decrease genetic diversity

less hybird vigour

cross pollination

increase genetic diversity

increase hybird vigour

Adaptations of animal pollinated plants

Scent

Bright colours

Deep nectaries

Heavy and sticky pollen

Sticky stigma

Adaptations of wind pollinated plants

Small flowers

No scent

No nectar

Lighter pollen grains

Feathery stigma

Methods of promoting cross pollination

Separate male and female plants

Separate female and male flowers on the same plant

Stigmas and pollen mature at different times (on same plant); can be stigma first or pollen first

Bisexual flowers have anatomy that promotes cross pollination; two forms of flowers (primrose)

self incompatibility what is it

mechanism prevent self-pollination

self incompatibility found in what flowers

Hermaphroditic flowers

Fertilisation

fusion of male gamete nuclei with female gamate nuclei to form zygote

male gamate stored in pollen grain and female in ovule

seed dispersal

fertilization result in formation of seed, which moves away from parental plant

seed dispersal reduces competition for resources between germinating seed and parental plant

seed dispersal mechanisms

wind water fruit animals

Ovule develops into a ()and the ovary develops into a ()

seed

fruit

seed structure

testa

micropyle

cotyledon

epicotyl

redicle

testa

an outer seed coat protecting embryonic plant

micropyle

small pore in outer covering of seed that allows for passage of water

cytoledon

contains the food stores for seed

forms embryonic leaves

epicotyle

embryonic shoot

racidle

embryonic root

germination

development of the seed that begins when water is absorbed (imbibition). It ends when the radicle ruptures from the seed coat.

germination reqiures what 3

oxygen for aerobic respiration - atp

water for imbibition

temperatire for enzyme catalyzed metabolism

seedling

Embryonic shoot; becomes growing plant

Embryonic root; becomes root

mobilising food reserves for growth

Embryo depends on the endosperm for energy (until it can produce its own). It contains carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins that need to be broken down.