Psychopathology Test 3

Schizophrenia:

range of related disorders, psychosis (loss of contact with reality), most common disorder, similar causes and treatments to other disorders 

Schizophrenia Prevalence:

about 1 percent of the world population, slightly more common in men, age of onset men (23) and women (28), all socioeconomic groups 

Schizophrenia symptom types

positive (pathological excess), negative (pathological deficits), psychomotor (problems with movement)

Delusions

 belief with no facts, non-bizarre (possible not realistic), bizarre (completely implausible), delusions of persecution (paranoia, ex: spied on, plotted against), delusions of grandeur (self importance ex: savior, inventor)

Concerns with Perceptual System:

intensified perception and attention, can begin in advance of diagnosis, sensory flooding, hallucinations (external stimuli)

Hallucinations

can impact any perceptual system, not always pathological, hypnagogic (while falling asleep), hypnopompic (waking up), pared with delusion (very powerful)

Types of Hallucinations:

auditory (sounds and voices outside of own head, directed towards person, commands, directions, associated with perceptions), visual (colors and patterns, distinct visions of people or objects), tactile (tingling or burning), somatic (something in the body), gustatory (sense of taste), olfactory (smell and odors)

Thinking and speech:

loose association (thoughts jump with loose connection), neologisms (made up words that hold meaning to only one person), perseveration (words or statement repeated over and over), clang (speak in rhyme) 

Inappropriate affect: 

emotions not connected to situation, emotion not necessarily related to citation (may not be present, could be hallucinations)

Positive Symptoms:

 Delusions, concerns with perceptual system, hallucinations, thinking and speech, inappropriate affect

Poverty of speech:

alogia (reduction of speech or speech content), dyslogia (lesser version), schizophasia (lots of talking but no meaning)

Restricted affect:

internal experience of feeling but hard to display, blunted feelings (some feelings but not full extent), flat affect (no emotion).

Loss of volition and withdrawal:

avolition (drained of energy and interest), withdrawal (focus on internal world, no social activities)

Negative symptoms:

poverty of speech, restricted affect, loss of volition and withdrawal, 

Psychomotor symptoms:

catatonia (abnormal movement and behaviors), catatonic stupor (no response to environment, motionless), catatonic rigidity (rigid posture, resistance to being moved), catatonic excitement (wild movement),

Type 1:

dominance of positive symptoms

Type 2:

dominance of negative symptoms 

Diagnosis and Course of Schizophrenia:

type 1, type 2, 2 or more symptoms for a month (at least one delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech), six months (signs of disturbance), 

Stages of Schizophrenia:

prodromal (no active symptoms but start deterioration), active (symptoms are apparent can be triggered by event), residual phase (return to prodromal level of functioning)

Biological view:

genetic factors (family pedigree, twins), overactive dopamine, brain circuit issue

Cognitive behavioral view:

operant conditioning processes (lack of attending social cues, bizarre stimuli, incorrect stimuli), misinterpretation of unusual sensation

Social cultural view:

family dysfunction, social stress, multicultural factors (marginalized groups)

Developmental psychopathology view:

diathesis stress relationships (triggers), early developmental features (social withdrawal, motor functions), hypothalamic pituitary adrenal pathway (central response system), immune system and inflammation in brain

Personality:

 unique expressed characteristics, influence behavior, thoughts, emotions, interactions, flexible and adapt

Personality disorder

 inflexible and enduring patterns (inner experience and outward behavior), 

Impairment

sense of self, emotional experience, goal setting, empathy, intimacy 

Onset and prevalence of personality disorders:

late in adolescence, persistent, 15%, hard to treat and diagnose 

Categorical vs Dimensional:

currently treated as categories, strict division between disorders, movement towards dimensions or spectrum of personality traits 

Cluster A:

odd or eccentric behaviors, similar to schizophrenia, extreme suspiciousness and social withdrawal, peculiar thoughts and perceptions 

Cluster A Diagnoses:

 paranoid (deep distrust, high suspicious of other motives, avoid close relationships, trust own ideas and abilities), schizoid (persistent avoidance of others, withdrawn from social relationships, preference to be alone, focus on self), schizotypal (discomfort in close relationships, odd patterns of thought and perception, anxious around others, seek isolation)