Rules

Participle

A verb form that acts like an adjective (e.g., "the loving man").

Present Participle

Formed by removing "re" from the infinitive and adding -ns (e.g., amans).

Future Participle

Formed from the supine by removing 'm' and adding 'rus' (e.g., amaturus).

Past Participle

Formed from the supine by removing 'm' and adding 's' (e.g., amatus), indicating passive voice.

Deponent Verbs

Verbs that form active participles (e.g., loquens = saying, locutus = having spoken).

Ablative Absolute

A construction with a noun/pronoun and participle in the ablative, not part of the main sentence (e.g., "his factis").

Indirect Statement

A construction using accusative plus infinitive to express reported speech (e.g., "He says that...").

Tense in Indirect Statement

The tense reflects the original tense of the speaker.

Negative Indirect Statement

Uses "nego" instead of "dico non."

Pronouns in Indirect Statements

"se" for the same person as the speaker, "eum" for someone different.

Purpose Clause

A clause indicating intention, formed with "ut" + subjunctive.

Tense in Purpose Clause

Present subjunctive for primary main verbs, imperfect subjunctive for historic main verbs.

Negative Purpose Clause

Formed with "ne" (not "ut non").

Result Clause

A clause indicating one event leading to another, using a signpost word (e.g., "tam") and "ut" + subjunctive.

Jussive Subjunctive

A subjunctive used independently, functioning like an imperative for first or third person (e.g., "Let us...").

Double Questions

Formed with "utrumm" or "-ne" followed by "an."

Indirect Questions

Begin with a question word + subjunctive; "num" for yes/no questions.

Tense in Indirect Questions

Matches the tense used in English.

Indirect Commands

Formed with "ut" + subjunctive, following the sequence of tenses.

Cum

A conjunction with various meanings depending on its construction (e.g., "cum + abl" = with).

Cum + Indicative

Indicates "when" in present or future tense.

Cum + Perfect Indicative

Means "whenever."

Cum + Imperfect Subjunctive

Translates to "when," "since," or "although."

Cum + Perfect Subjunctive

Indicates "since" or "because."

Cum + Pluperfect Subjunctive

Refers to a past event.