Rules

Terms 1 - 3 The Key Ingredients

Participles

·       A participle is formed from a verb but acts like an adjective. The “loving” man.

·       Present participle: remove the “re” from the infinitive and add -ns. EG amans. Declines like ingens.

·       Future participle: take the supine, remove the ‘m’, add ‘rus’. EG amaturus. Declines like bonus.

·       Past participle: take the supine, remove the ‘m’, add ‘s’. EG amatus. Declines like bonus. This is passive (having been loved).

·       Deponent verbs form active participles: loquens = saying. locutus = having spoken.

Ablative Absolutes

·       A noun/pronoun and participle that are not part of the main sentence. In the ablative (obviously). “his factis” – these things having been done…

·       Tense depends on whether it takes place before, during or after the main verb.

Indirect Statement

·       He says that … In Latin: accusative plus infinitive.

·       In Latin, the tense is the original tense of the speaker.

·       In English, we alter the tense if the main verb is historic. (He said that he was coming.)

·       Negative indirect statements: “nego” (never dico non)

·       Pronouns in indirect statements: “se” if it is the same person as the speaker, “eum” if it someone different.

Purpose clause

·       I do something in order that… (or just “to”…) Ut +subjunctive.

·       Tense: present subjunctive if the main verb is primary (present, future, perfect). Imperfect subjunctive if the main verb is historic (simple past, imperfect, pluperfect).

·       Negative = ne (not “ut non”).

Result clause

·       One thing happened in such a way that another thing happened.

·       Signpost word (eg tam), ut + subjunctive.

·       Tenses can seem complicated, but rule of thumb: same as in English.

·       Negative = ut non (not “ne” ).

Jussive subjunctive

·       When the subjunctive is on its own.

·       Acts like an imperative but for the first or third person. “Let us…”

·       Meliora sequamur.

Double questions

·       utrum or -ne followed by an.

·       .. or not = annon.

Indirect questions

1.      Question word (eg cur) + subjunctive

2.      For yes/ no questions, where English would have “if” or “whether”, Latin has “num”.

3.      The tense is the exactly the same as in English

4.      Whether … or not becomes “utrum… necne” not “utrumn… annon”.

5.      For future questions, you need the future participle +subjunctive of sum. eg amaturus sim / amaturus essem.

6.      Primary tense main verb means amaturus + present tense eg sim. 

7.      Historic tense main verb means amaturus + imperfect tense eg essem.

Indirect commands

1.      ut +subjunctive

2.      tense follows sequence of tenses (primary main verb means present subjunctive; historic main verb means imperfect subjunctive).

3.      Negative is ne+subjunctive.

4.      iubeo / veto / prohibeo take the infinitive (not ut+subjunctive)

Cum

1.      cum + abl = with

2.      cum + indicative present or future = when

3.      cum + perfect indicative = whenever

4.      cum + imperfect subjunctive = when / since / although

5.      cum + perfect subjunctive = since / because

6.      cum + pluperfect subjunctive = when

7.      cum when it refers to the past must take the subjunctive