Animal form and function

(1ST SECTION) What Are Body plans - Morphological features that are common in a related group of animals.

Asymmetrical - No pattern or symmetry 

Radial symmetry - Body parts arranged around central axis 

Bilateral symmetry - Body has right and left halves that are mirror images like humans in animals with bilateral only the sagittal plane bisects the animals into equal halves.

Meaning of Zoology?

Study Of Animals 

Explain Body Cavities (Veritabels)

Dorsal cavity: contains the cranial and the vertebral cavities.

Ventral cavity contains

• Thoracic cavity:

Pericardial cavity

Pleural cavity 

• Abdominopelvic cavity:

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

what are 1. Parazoa and 2. Eumetazoa

1. lack defined tissues and organs

2. Have distinct and well-defined tissues

what are Adaotations and fusiform along with it then what do the three fastest animal in common

• Body plans that well-suited for an animals environment

tuna has a streamlined fusiform body shape which allow them to move quickly through water column

The fastest animals have long legs, land only, and have a

learn on more animal? what’s something that prevent the animal from getting massive when talking about exoskeleton.

example: Being a multicellular allowed for evolution of large animals why can’t the unicellular paramecium increase the size of its cell to reach that of a walrus?

Why are cells small?

Nutrients. gases, and waste exchange at cell membrane as cell grow volume increase than surface area.

but if cell volume becomes too large, the relatively smaller surface area cannot transport enough nutrient In and waste out. so cell size is limited by the ratio of surface area to volume!

(2ND SECTION) TISSUES - A group of similar cells that work together to perform the same function.

 (2ND SECTION) TISSUES - A group of similar cells that work together to perform the same function.

What are the four type of animal tissue

1. Epithelial tissue

covers the outside of your organs, widespread, different function

2. Connective tissue

Bone tissue, spread throughout body, made up of matrix living cells.

3. Muscle tissue

important for movement in the body

4. Nervous tissue

anywhere that has nerves in the body, signaling activity,

(3RD SECTION) Bioenergetics - study of flow through living systems

ATP - Used for short-term energy storage and use by cells.

  

What is a Metabolic rate?

• Amount of energy expended by an animal over time

Body size - Small animals have a higher mass-specific metabolic rates to keep up with this accelerate heat loss.

BASELINE METABOLIC RATE = animal is at rest, not stressed, and digest food actively.

Endotherms: basal metabolic rate (BMR) Example Human: 1300 – 1800 kcal/day and Animals and humans that can regulate body temperature.

Ectotherms: Standard metabolic rate (SMR) Example Alligator: 60 kcal/day and animals cannot regulate body temperature

Metabolic rate: temperature

left graph: endotherm

Right graph: ectotherm

Application below is a figure

lizard (ectotherm)

What is energy relating to activity, environment,

Torpor (environment): Process that leads to decrease in activity and metabolism in response to adverse conditions (increase chances of survival)

1. Hibernation: ‘‘Winter torpor’’ enables animal to survive when exposed low temperatures.

2. Estivation: Survival torpor’’; during hot/dry periods to conserve energy and water.

HOMEOSTASIS: Maintain internal conditions around a set point.
if conditions stray too far from set point, homeostatic mechanisms kick in.
 Possible conditions: Temperature, glucose levels, pH, blood calcium.

Stimulus to sensor, to control to/and effector. (down below)

HOMEOSTASIS: Maintain internal conditions around a set point.
if conditions stray too far from set point, homeostatic mechanisms kick in.
 Possible conditions: Temperature, glucose levels, pH, blood calcium.

What is Homestasis: Negative feedback loop and positive feedback loop

Homeostatic responses usually involve negative feedback loops (return to set point). for example, when you feel hungry.

Food is consume to blood sugar rises to pancreas releases insulin to blood sugar drops to/and hunger also, pancreas releases glucagon, which increase blood sugar.

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some biological system amplifies starting signal example:

Apple on tree ripens to ripe apple produces ethylene to Ethylene signals neighbors to ripen to Neighbours produce more ethylene to more apples ripen 

Adjusting the set point (Alteration), what is Acclimatization

Set point can potentially change over time but homeostasis will still work towards new set point. example Set point for blood pressure can increase as a result of continued increases in blood pressure.

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Organism adjust other an environmental change.

What is Energetically cheap and costly

Some animals match the surrounding environment(temperature, salt levels)

Regulators maintain homeostasis, at a set point

The point of regulating is because to. keep enzymes happy and for our cells functioning and performing at the level they need for us to survive,

Animal nutrition &  digestive systems

Animal nutrition &  digestive systems

Animal feeding strategies

Herbivores - Primary food source is plant-based

Carnivores - eat other animals, Obligate carnivores rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain nutrients, Facultative carnivores also eat non-animal food.

Omnivores - Eat both plant-and animal- derived food

Describe the Digestive systems

Gastrovascular cavity: Only one opening for digestion

Alimentary canal: Two opening, mouth for ingesting food and anus for eliminating waste.

Describe the Digestive systems - Vertebrates

1. Monogastric: One stomach

Mouth - food intake/breakdown, Physical is teeth and Chemical is enzymes in saliva

Esophagus - Muscle contractions move food to stomace

Stomach - Breakdown is enzymes and acidic environments

Small intestine - More breakdown: Enzymes and nutrients absorb

large intestine - water absorbed from remaining waste

Anus - driver waste excreted

2. Avian (Birds)

Crop: Stores food

Two stomach - Proventriculus (enzymes), Gizzard (grinding)

One opening to excrete urine and feces which the cloaca

3. Ruminants 

Four stomach: Rumen and the reticulum contain prokaryotes/protists to digest cellulose fiber.

Cud is regurgitated, chewed, and swallowed in third stomach, the omasum removes water.

Cud then passes onto the abomasum digested by enzymes produced by animal.

Human digestive tract - Digestion is extracellular

Human digestive tract - Digestion is extracellular

Digestion system

Three glands produce saliva which is made of up water, mucus, enzymes which is Salivary amylase that breaks down starch into maltose.

Chewing + saliva prepared into mass is called bolus

Pharynx has two pathways: 1, Larynx and trachea, 2

Esophagus: Take food to stomach by peristalsis

Stomach: Saclike organ that secretes gastric digestive juices, gastric glands secrete Hydrochloric acid (HCL) maintains low ph of enzymes. Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down protein into smaller peptides

Chyme: The partially digested food and gastric juice mixture then pass rom stomach to small intestine, regulated by pyloric sphincter.

Small intestine: long tube-like organ where Digestion is completed which is protein, fats, and carbohydrates. Villi is a finger-like projections and lumen is lined with columnar epithelial cells, which absorb nutrients. Once absorb it can go to bloodstream.

3 parts: 

Duodenum: Chyme is netralized and mixed with pancreatic juices and bile, most of chemical digestion happens

Jejunum: Carbs and AAs are absorb through intestinal lining.

IIeum: Exit point, bile salts and vitamins absorbed, waste sent to large intestine.

Large intestine 3 parts:

Cecum: receives waste from ileum of small intestine

Colon: Extracts water and mineral salts form undigested food and stores waste material

Rectum: Store feces until defecation

Exits at the anus

what are accessory organs

Salivary glands

Liver: Digestion of fats and detoxifying blood and also produces bile that has digestive juice required fro fat breakdown.

Gallbladder: Stores bile/bile salts from liver and bile is seated from galbladder into duodenum

Pancreas: Pancreatic juices contain enzymes and high levels of bicarbonate to neutralize stomach

DIGESTION STEP BY STEP

DIGESTION STEP BY STEc

Nutrient breakdown basics

Start as polysaccharide then to disaccharide then to monosaccharide 

Protiens: Polypeptides to peptides to amino acid

Lipid (fats)

Stepson digestive system process

1st step: Ingestion - process of taking food into mouth

Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragment which fragments have to be small for us to absorb.

process varies above this slide

2nd Step: Digestion & Absorbtion: Carbohydrates which the mouth salivary enzyme amylase converts starches into maltose 

Small intestine (duodenum)

2nd step: Digestion & Absorption: Proteins broken down in otherwise amino acids