BIOL 2041- (exam 1 part 1)
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65 Terms
Who is known as the father of microbiology?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Who first observed living microorganisms?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Who developed the first vaccines?
Edward Jenner
What disease did Edward Jenner vaccinate against?
Smallpox
Who developed the germ theory of disease?
Louis Pasteur
Who disproved spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur
Who developed pasteurization?
Louis Pasteur
Who discovered that microbes cause fermentation?
Louis Pasteur
Who developed Koch's postulates?
Robert Koch
Who proved that specific bacteria cause specific diseases?
Robert Koch
Who discovered the tuberculosis bacterium?
Robert Koch
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
Penicillin is produced by what fungus?
Penicillium
Who developed the first widely used antibiotics?
Selman Waksman
Who coined the term antibiotic?
Selman Waksman
What field studies bacteria?
Bacteriology
What field studies fungi?
Mycology
What field studies viruses?
Virology
What field studies parasites?
Parasitology
What field studies algae?
Phycology
What field studies protozoa?
Protozoology
Who is considered the father of immunology?
Edward Jenner
Who developed the first successful rabies vaccine?
Louis Pasteur
What is a hypothesis?
A testable explanation for an observation.
What is a theory?
A well-supported explanation based on repeated evidence.
What is a scientific law?
A description of a consistently observed natural phenomenon.
How many meters are in one millimeter?
10^-3 m
How many meters are in one micrometer?
10^-6 m
How many meters are in one nanometer?
10^-9 m
Which is larger: a micrometer or a nanometer?
Micrometer
1 micrometer equals how many nanometers?
1000 nm
What is the source of light in a brightfield microscope?
The illuminator (lamp) at the bottom.
What is unique about a brightfield microscope?
Uses visible light; best for stained specimens.
Why is immersion oil used?
Reduces light refraction and improves resolution.
Which microscope uses immersion oil?
Brightfield microscope with the 100× objective.
What is the path of light in a brightfield microscope?
Illuminator → condenser → specimen → objective lens → ocular lens → eye.
What is the source of light in a fluorescence microscope?
A bright light source (often UV or blue light).
What is unique about fluorescence microscopy?
Fluorescent dyes make structures glow against a dark background.
What is the path of light in a fluorescence microscope?
Light source → excitation filter → dichroic mirror → objective → specimen → objective → dichroic mirror → emission filter → ocular.
What is the source of light in a phase-contrast microscope?
Visible light from a lamp.
What is unique about phase-contrast microscopy?
Views living, unstained cells.
How does a phase-contrast microscope create contrast?
A phase plate converts phase differences into brightness differences.
What is the light path in a phase-contrast microscope?
Light source → annular ring → condenser → specimen → objective → phase plate → ocular.
What is the source of illumination in a TEM?
An electron gun.
What can a TEM visualize?
Internal cell structures.
Can living specimens be viewed with a TEM?
No.
Why can't living cells be viewed with an electron microscope?
A vacuum is required and specimen preparation kills the cells.
What is the electron path in a TEM?
Electron gun → condenser lenses → specimen → objective lens → screen/camera.
What is the source of illumination in an SEM?
An electron gun.
What is unique about an SEM?
Produces detailed 3D images of specimen surfaces.
Does an SEM show internal or external structures?
External (surface) structures.
What is the electron path in an SEM?
Electron gun → anode → condenser lens → scanning coils → specimen → electron detectors.
Which microscope is best for viewing living amoebas?
Phase-contrast microscope.
Which microscope is best for viewing influenza viruses?
Transmission electron microscope (TEM).
Which microscope is best for viewing Streptococcus bacteria?
Brightfield microscope with oil immersion.
Which microscope is best for viewing proteins?
Transmission electron microscope (TEM).
Which microscope is best for viewing yeast cells?
Brightfield microscope.
Which microscope is best for viewing DNA?
Transmission electron microscope (TEM).
Which microscope produces a three-dimensional image?
Scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Which microscope has the highest resolution?
Electron microscopes.
Which electron microscope shows internal structures?
Transmission electron microscope (TEM).
Which electron microscope shows surface structures?
Scanning electron microscope (SEM).
True or False: Most viruses can be seen with a compound light microscope.
False
True or False: Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy uses two beams of light.
True
Can a brightfield microscope normally resolve DNA molecules?
No