random last min chem info u should remember

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60 Terms

1
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WHY DO WE NEED CRACKING

- Cracking converts long chain hydrocarbons into short chain hydrocarbons.

- Long-chain alkanes are broken down into alkanes and alkenes of shorter length.

- Crude oil contains a surplus long chains.

- Shorter chain hydrocarbons are in greater demand, e.g. petrol.

- Cracking also produces alkenes which are used in making polymers and ethanol.

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CONDITIONS FOR CRACKING

silica catalyst adn 600-700 degrees

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long chain alkAnes -->

shorter alkenes + alkanes

4
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do alkanes have positional isomers??

NO! Only alkEnEs

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alkane substitution

halogen and UV light required

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test for alkenes

bromine water orange to colourless

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dibromoalkanes

bromine water + alkene --> dibromoalkAne (NO UV LIGHT)

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substitution example

Halogen + alkane

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addition example

dibromoalkanes

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substitution vs addition

alkene + bromine ---> (NO UV LIGHT) dibromoalkane (double bond broken)

alkane + halogen --> (ADD UV LIGHT) halgenoalekane thingie

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aluminium uses and properties

aircrafts, cans, power cables, pots and pans

low density, resists corrosion, ductile, conducts electriity

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copper uses and properties

electrical wires, potspans, water pipes

unreactive, ductile, good conductor of electricity, amllaeable

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iron uses and properties

Buildings - Strong

Saucepans - Conducts heat / high melting point / malleable

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types of steel and uses

mild steel - nails, car bodys, ship buildings

High-carbon steel--0.6%-1.2% carbon ---cutting tools, masonry nails

Stainless steel--Chromium (and nickel)---cutlery, cooking utensils, kitchen sinks

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properties of all steels

Mild steel is a strong material that can easily be hammered into various shapes (malleable). It rusts easily.

High-carbon steel is harder than mild steel but more brittle (not as malleable).

Stainless steel forms a strong, protective oxide layer so is very resistant to corrosion.

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phenolpthalein

acid: colourless

alkali : pink

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ui

acid: red

alkli: dark blue

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methyl orange

acid: dark red

alkali: light orange/yellow

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low ph

acidic

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high ph

alkali

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acids in aq solutions

source of hydrogen ions

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alkalis in aq solutions

hydroxides source

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acid is a proton

donor

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base is a proton

acceptor

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bases in reactions

metal oxides, metal hydroxides and ammonia

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alkalis are bases that are ___ in water

soluble

27
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bond breaking is

endothermic

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bond making is

exothermic

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exothermic reaction profile

knowt flashcard image
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endothermic reaction profile

knowt flashcard image
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enthalpy change from bond energy

ΔΗ°=ΣΒΕ(reactants)-ΣΒΕ(products)

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neutral ph

7

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acidic ph

less than 7

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alkaline ph

more than 7

35
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how does decreasing concentration affect the rate of a reaction (3)

1. fewer particles in same volume

2. fewer frequent successful collisions PER UNIT TIME

3. so decreased rate of reaction

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why are alkanes saturated compounds (2)

1. All single bonds/no double bonds

2. No other atoms can be added/no addition reactions

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magnesium -> magnesium oxide colour

white powder

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what color are most ionic compounds

white solids

39
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alcohol + oxygen -->

carbon dioxide + water (ALWAYS. just balance them out)

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metal + acid -->

salt + hydrogen

41
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what pH will an alcohol's solution have?

neutral, as they aren't acidic or alkaline.

42
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3 properties of alcohols:

1. flammable - can be used as fuels

2. soluble in water - dissolve things like lipids, hydrocarbons

3. become oxidised - then form carboxylic acid.

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acid + base --->

(neutralisation) salt + water

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Any reaction that has hydrogen and oxygen in it ends up producing ________ EXCEPT for the metal + _______ reaction

water, base (which produces hydrogen)

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acid + metal carbonate

→ salt + CO₂ + water

46
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what does it mean to say that ethanoic acid is WEAKLY IONISING?

- it means that it does not ionise a lot, just a little:

-----> to ionise means that it splits up into ions.

- When ethanoic acid is added to water, it splits up into ethanoate and hydrogen

------> why is the hydrogen lost and made into an ion? This is because acids are H+ DONORS, whereas alkalis are OH- DONORS.

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Why don't you need to measure the mass of the {reactant/solute} in {this experiment}

Because it is in excess

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Why are carboxylic acids weak? (3)

- They are weakly ionising/only partially ionise when dissolved in water.

- This means that only a few H+ ions are released into the water, and as pH is a measure of H+ ion concentration...

- It means they have a high pH = low acidity.

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Safety with the solubility practical

- Heat the evaporating basin gently to avoid spitting

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what is pH a measure of

the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

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Carboxylic acid + metal →

salt + hydrogen

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CH₃COOH + H₂O ⇌

CH₃COO⁻ + H⁺

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Carboxylic acid + metal hydrogen carbonate →

salt + CO₂ + water

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carboxylic acid + alcohol -->

ester + water

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Conditions for chromatography

- Don't use a pen because the ink could be soluble and move up the chromatography paper.

- The paper should be put in just below the pencil line - this is so the inks and mixtures don't dissolve in the solvent.

- To avoid evaporation of the solutes from the surface of the paper you can put a watch glass on top of the beaker.

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What is the RF value?

distance moved by substance/distance moved by solvent

- ALWAYS below 1

- tells you how soluble the solute is

- allows you to compare the solubility to a standard set of comparisons to find out what the component of the ink/mixture is

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ethanoic acid + ethanol ⇌

(sulfuric acid catalyst) ethyl ethanoate + water

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what catalyst is needed in creating an ester?

sulfuric acid.

59
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draw diagram of propan-1-ol

knowt flashcard image
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draw diagram of propan-2-ol

knowt flashcard image