BIOL 118 unit 3 pt 2

blood function, lymphatic immunity lect 20,22

artery

largest blood vessels with thickest walls, carry blood away from heart to organs, only present deep in muscle cells

capillaries

 smallest branching blood vessels that form a network, transport blood between arteries and veins, inside tissue all over body

veins

blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back towards heart

water, gases, glucose, ions, monomers

substances that compose extracellular fluid, leaky capillaries let these things out

interstitial fluid

Fluid found in the spaces around cells. It comes from substances that leak out of blood capillaries 

interstitial fluid, plasma

make up extracellular fluid component

fluid inside cells

make up intracellular fluid component

Erythropoietin (EPO)

signaling molecule released by the kidney in response to low tissue oxygen level

same

O2 % composition in high elevation vs sea level

cell body, interstitial fluid, plasma

steps of nutrients moving from intra-extracellular fluid

o2, nutrients

substances that go from arteries to body cells

co2, waste

substances that go from body cells to arteries

temporary increased production of RBC, increased o2

advantage gained when athletes train at high altitudes

viscocity

resistance to flow

oxygen delivery index

measures how much O2 is delivered to the tissue

systolic blood viscosity

measures blood thickness

clotting cascade

erythrocytes are attracted to each other at a certain density causing an exponential curve in viscosity vs hematocrit curve

hemolysis

breakdown/destruction of RBC

bilirubin

yellowish substance made during your body's normal process of breaking down old red blood cells

transferrin

blood plasma glycoprotein that transports iron ion to bon marrow to be reused in RBC formation

albumins

used as carrier protein to transport bilirubin to the liver

kidneys

eliminates bilirubin derived products through urine

large intestine

eliminates bilirubin derived products through feces

from liver into bile

primary bilirubin removal

hemolytic jaundice

type of jaundice arising from hemolysis or excessive destruction of red blood cells

bilirubin

causative material of jaundice

hepatocellular jaundice

 results from the inability of the liver to transport bilirubin into the bile

obstructive jaundice

symptoms develop due to a narrowed or blocked bile duct or pancreatic duct, preventing the normal drainage of bile from the bloodstream into the intestines

biliverdin

product of heme catabolism, a greenish color sometimes seen in bruises

biliverdin

RBC leak out and causes a buildup of this, causing a greenish color change seen in bruising

bilirubin

causes yellow/orange coloring of bruises, toxic

sickle cell anemia

genetic disease characterized by an abnormal form of hemoglobin that causes the red cells to become rigid

diffuse

characterizes immune responses, active around the whole body even if only felt in one part of the body

positive feedback

feedback loop that characterizes the immune systems activation

identify and respond

two immune reactions that must be balanced

aggressive immune response

response can lead to catastrophic bodily damage, “shock” and death

non-aggressive immune response

immune response is unable to properly get rid of a threat

broad identification

identification targets organs and “self”, cause of autoimmune disease and allergens

too specific/narrow identification

identification doesn’t accurately target pathogen/antigen and can lead to infection

leukocytes

White blood cells

lymphatic system

tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infections and other diseases

lymphatic capillaries

tiny vessels found in the tissues of most organs in your body. They transport and filter lymph from your body's cells and tissues.

capillary beds

a network of small blood vessels that allow the exchange of gas, water, and nutrients

osmotic pressures

force fluid out of the blood “upstream” and cause expelled fluid to be reabsorbed at venous ends “downstream”

arterioles

small branch of arteries leading into capillaries

pressure gradient

caused by heart pumping, a higher gradient outside than inside causes fluid to move that direction

interstitial fluid

Fluid found in the spaces around cells. It comes from substances that leak out of blood capillaries

lymph nodes

small structures that work as filters for foreign substances/”checkpoints”

lymphatic vessels

bodies “drainage” system that picks up excess interstitial fluid that passes through “leaky” capillaries which due to pressure gradient can’t get back in

tonsils

lymph nodes in the back of the mouth and top of the throat, where the outside world comes in contact with the inside

spleen

stores blood for emergencies, filters pathogens, and stores WBC and RBC separately, most functions can be replaced by the liver

sickle cell anemia, trauma

two relevant factors that can cause damage to the spleen

lymph

fluid that contains water, proteins, ions, waste products, \n fluid that has been past your tissues

rbc, platlets

substances not in lymph

narrow vessels

lymph flows into node through

wide vessels

lymph flows out of node through

cytokines

large group of proteins, peptides or glycoproteins that are secreted by specific cells of immune system.

nonspecific, treats everything the same

what characterizes the innate immune response? (2 things)

inflammatory response

non-specific response that causes redness, heat, and swelling whose purpose is to keep pathogen from getting further in the body

mast cells

recognizes pathogen/potentially dangerous molecule and releases histamines

innate physical barriers

skin, cilia, hair, mucous membranes, digestive enzymes

innate internal barriers

inflammatory response, phagocytes, compliment proteins, natural killer cells

histamine

causes inflammation, dilate blood vessels near wound, increases permeability of blood cells which helps immune cells move to wound

macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils

phagocytes include:

blood

loci of macrophages

tissue, mainly surface

loci of dendritic cells

neutrophils

WBC with vesicles filled with either enzymes to break down large pathogens or signaling molecules

granulocytes

WBC that secretes signaling molecules in tiny vesicles

macrophage

mature monocytes that when called to action “eats” small pathogens and dead cell material

phagocytes

immune cells that eat things

dendritic cells

phagocyte in tissue cells that when it eat a pathogen, travels to the lymph to signal for an immune response

natural killer cells

activated by cytokines, looks for cells that lack “self” signal and makes them self destruct via apoptosis

perforin

a protein, released by NK cells of the immune system, which destroys targeted cells by creating lesions like pores in their membranes.

degranulation

the process by which cytoplasmic granules (as of mast cells) are released locally and signal for a large full body response

strong inhibition

healthy cells express enough MHC I molecules to induce and inhibitory signal in NK cells preventing NK attack

reduced inhibition

often cancer cells and cells infected by viruses no longer present inhibitory NK signal allowing NK to attack and cause apoptosis

strong activation

infected cells increase expression of signaling molecules that activate NK cells causing a strong response that can override inhibitory signal and cause apoptosis

increase “leaky capillaries”, more speedy bodily responses

histamines increase blood flow to:

anaphylactic shock

too much positive feedback from immune response causes histamine reaction to swell airways and make individual unable to breathe

septic shock

bacterial infection goes from tissue to blood, and immune response increases “leaky” capillaries decreasing blood pressure, making it hard for o2 to get to tissues and brain.

epinephrin

sympathetic signaling molecule injected with an epipen that opens airways and reverses anaphylactic shock

macrophages, neutrophils

antigen presenting cells

antigen presenting cells

“eat” pathogens and present parts of it on cell. surface with MHC proteins alerting the body

helper T cells

\

B cell response

antigen mediated response (knows the pathogen!)

helper T cells

once presented with pathogen from AP cells, signals activation of specific B cells or cytotoxic T cell depending on type of antigen

cytotoxic T cells

lymphocytes that respond to viruses, cancers, and inner cell pathogens

B cells

lymphocytes that respond to bacteria, parasites, and other outside cell pathogens

T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, natural killer cells

cell types that come from lymphoid progenitor

myeloblast, mast cells, megakaryocytes, erythrocytes

cell types that come from common myeloid progenitor

monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils

cell types that come from myeloblasts

thymus

controls early development of T lymphocytes and produces hormone thymosin

bone marrow

where B cells are made and trained, and T cells are made

B cell and macrophage “tag team”

B cells release antibodies into the environment and binds to pathogen, macrophages then bind to antibody and eats pathogen

lysosome

organelle that breaks down pathogen in phagocytes

endoplasmic reticulum

makes MHC II surface proteins when cell finds an antigen match

MHC II proteins

presents antigen bit on AP cell surface to helper t cells

MHC I proteins

present on surface of almost all cells that alerts/presents itself to killer T cells when infected and needs to be killed

antibodies

blood proteins made by B cells that respond to specific pathogens

agglutination

activated antigen “clumps” foreign substance, including blood from non matching donor