GR 7 Science Q1 Exam

Organism

a living thing made up of one or more cells that can perform all the processes needed for life.

Unicellular

organism made up a single cell

Multicellular

Organisms made up of more than one cell

The cells that make up a multicellular

Organisms are specialized and organized to perform specific functions

Multicellular organisms

have more than one level of organization. Ex. oak trees

A tissue

is a group of similar cells that are organized to perform a specific function

Vascular tissue

cells connect together to form a tissue called

Organ

different types of tissues that function together form a

Example of an organ

stem of oak tree

Blood vessels

are organs in the shrew made up of epithelial tissue that controls the passage of blood cells, layers of smooth muscle tissue that control the diameter of the vessel and a tough wall of connective tissue

Organ system

is a group of organs that work together to perform body functions

An organism

can have many organ systems that work together to perform all the functions the organism needs to survive

All organisms are made up of

cells

A tissue

has characteristics similar to the cell type with which it is made

The structure of an organ relates to

the function it performs

Most organisms

have organ systems that perform specialized functions

a respiratory system

is an animal organ system that takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

Organisms need to process

nutrients and take in oxygen

The coordination of systems gives an organism a greater variety of poosible

functions and responses

Average heartbeat for ages 11-14 years old

50-100 BPM

Artery

a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body, largest of the blood vessels, rich in oxygen and nutrients, carry materials the cells need

Vein

carries blood back to the heart, medium sized

White blood cell

fight disease and infection, destroys harmful germs in the body, largest of the blood cells

Red blood cells

contain hemoglobin that give it the red color, most numerous, carry oxygen to all parts of the body, picks up carbon dioxide waste from the cells

Respiratory system

the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide

3 types of muscle tissue

1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth

voluntary

Skeletal muscle

Involuntary

Smooth muscle and Cardiac muscle

The skeletal system

supports the body and gives it shape; protects the internal organs, such as lungs and brain; stores calcium and other minerals

The brain

is the control center of the nervous system

The brain is divided into 3 main parts

1. cerebrum
2. cerebellum
3. medulla

The spinal cord

Helps carry messages or signals back and forth between your brain and body' conducts sensory information from the peripheral nervous system and conducts information from the brain to various muscle groups and glands

The central nervous system

regulates the activities of the body

Nerves

are made of specialized cells called neurons that carry messages from one part of the body to the other using electrical signals

The digestive system's function

to turn food into nutrients the body can use for energy and to grow

Mechanical digestion

breaking down food with muscles or teeth

Chemical digestion

breaking down food with acids or enzymes

Mouth

Food is broken into smaller pieces by teeth and saliva

Esophagus

Food passes through here to go to the stomach

Stomach

Mechanical and chemical digestion also takes place here to further break down food; giant muscle that squeezes and churns the food, helping to break it down

small intestine

most digestion takes place here, food can stay for up to 4 hours, anything not digested becomes solid waste

large intestine

food that is here is solid waste; is stored here until the body is ready to eliminate it; this entire process takes 6-8 hours

Food is eliminated through the

Anus

Excretory system

The main function is to filter blood and remove liquid waste from the body; works with the circulatory, respiratory, endocrine and integumentary systems to maintain the homeostasis of water, ions, pH, blood pressure, calcium, and red blood cells in the body

Kidney

Main function is to filter waste products out of the blood passing through them; works in part with endocrine system in the formation of red blood cells, and the circulatory system to remove waste from blood

Bladder

Pear shaped organ that holds urine to allow for urination to be infrequent and voluntary; capacity 400-600 mL;

Detrusor

Emptying the bladder takes place by contraction of smooth muscles

The Endocrine system

a collection of glands that produce and secrete hormones

Function of the endocrine system

to maintain the correct chemical level in the body through feedback

Endocrine system

regulates mood, sleep, growth and development, metabolism, sexual function and reproduction processes

Hormones

Chemical messengers that communicate information from one set of cells to another; many different hormones move through the bloodstream; each type of hormone is designed to affect only certain cells

Homeostasis

The endocrine system works to maintain stable internal conditions(balance); uses negative and positive feedback mechanisms

Pancreas

located in the upper abdomen; Secretes the hormones insulin (lowers) and glucagon(raises) to control blood sugar levels throughout the day

Reproductive glands

Influence sexual development; ovary (female) produces hormone estrogen; testicle (male) produces hormone testerone

Plant bodies respond to a variety of __

environmental factors

Plants regulate water in their bodies mostly by

Opening and closing their stomata

Stomata open to allow ___ to move in and ___

air; out

Some plant leaves have a ___ coating that helps prevent water ___

waxy; loss

One way plants respond to their environment

by growing toward a light source

Phototropism

plant growing toward a light source

A skeleton can be ___

external; like the exoskeleton of insects

Animals use a variety of structures to __

gather information from the environment

behavior

the set of actions taken by an organism in response to stimuli; animals form ___ to survive

Innate behaviors

behaviors that do not require learning or experience

Learned behaviors

behaviors developed through memories and experience and from observing the actions of other animals

Memory

information can be stored in the brain as __; allows an animal to respond to its environment more efficiently

energy for living things comes from___

food

energy in food comes from the ___

the sun

autotrophs

organisms that use light energy from the sun to produce food

heterotrophs

organisms that cannot use the sun's energy to make food

Male frogs normally have ___ on their front feet

thickened pads

Frogs can also breath throught their ___

skin

a frogs skeleton provides__, __, and ___

structure, support, protection

frogs have specialized sensory organs to allow them to __ and __

detect prey and avoid predators