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Capsules

The protective outer layer of some bacteria that can help them evade the immune system.

Non-virulent

Refers to organisms or strains that do not cause serious illness.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A bacterium that can cause pneumonia and other infections, with both virulent and non-virulent strains.

Genetic Transformation

The process by which a cell takes up DNA from its environment, which can alter its genetic makeup.

Transduction

The transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via a bacteriophage.

Operon

A set of related genes under the control of a single promoter, common in prokaryotic gene regulation.

TRP operon

An operon involved in the regulation of tryptophan synthesis in bacteria.

Lac operon

An operon that controls the metabolism of lactose in bacteria.

Recombinant DNA

DNA that has been artificially created by combining genetic material from different organisms.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A technique used to amplify a small segment of DNA to generate numerous copies.

CRISPR

A gene-editing technology that allows for specific modifications to DNA sequences in living organisms.

Bioproduction

The use of biological systems to synthesize products, including therapeutics and biofuels.

Bacteriophage

A virus that infects and replicates within bacteria.

Gene regulation

The process of turning genes on and off to control the production of proteins.

Vectors

Agents, such as plasmids, used to transfer genetic material from one organism to another.

Transgenic

An organism that has been genetically modified to contain a gene from another species.

Interferon

A protein produced by the body that helps to fight viral infections and can be synthesized for therapy.

BT gene

A gene from Bacillus thuringiensis used to make crops resistant to insect pests.

mRNA vaccine

A type of vaccine that uses messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce a viral protein and trigger an immune response.