Module 3: Bonus Information!!! WOW EXCITING

Differences in the nasopharynx

smaller nasopharynx, easily occluded during infection

differences in lymph tissue

Lymph tissue (tonsils, adenoids) grows rapidly in early childhood; it atrophies after age 12

differences orally

A small oral cavity and a large tongue increase the risk of obstruction

differences in nares

smaller nares, easily occluded

differences with epiglottis

long, floppy epiglottis are vulnerable to swelling with resulting obstruction.

differences of the larynx

larynx and glottis are higher in neck, increasing risk of aspiration

differences in thyroid

because thyroid, criicoid, and tracheal cartilage are immature, they may easily collapse when neck is flexed

muscles in the airway differences

because fewer muscles are functional in airway, it is less able to compensate for edema, spasm, and trauma

do kids have higher oxygen and glucose demand

Yes, Higher resp rate means more water loss from lungs, greater water/glucose demand to fuel metabolic processes

do kids have a highers percentage of their body weight being from water

yes, Higher percent of body weight composed of water (N-75% total body water, I-65%, C-50%)

how long do kidneys remain immature

Kidneys are immature until 2 years

how long are kids diaphragmatic breathers

Diaphragmatic breathers until ~ 8 years. intercostal muscles aren't as strong, therefore reliant on diaphragmic breathing.

*positioning is very important: upright sitting position may obstruct diaphragmic breathing, whereas, Fowler's position promotes air entry and promotes gastric emptying 30 min post feed

With children, why might large amounts of soft tissue and loosely anchored mucous membranes cause issues

the large amount of soft tissue and loosely anchored mucous membranes lining the airway increase risk of edema and obstruction.

differences in larynx

Smaller, narrow in diameter and shorter in length making them more susceptible to obstruction and swelling

When can babies hold their heads up

infants 2 to 3 months can hold their head erect when held upright; thoracic kyphosis when sitting.

when can children sit without support; spine straight

6 to 8 months

when does the posterior fontanel close

by 2-4 months

when does the anterior fontanel close

at 18 onths

how long are infants liver enzyme difficient

until 4 to 6 months

why are newborns at tisk for heart failure the first few months

At risk for heart failure in first few months because of immature heart muscle and sensitivity to volume or pressure overload.

differences in pediatric tongue

Larger, posteriorly displaced and is the major cause for obstruction. As a nurse, Assess airway and assess for tongue edema

are kids at higher risk for heat loss

yes

do kids have higher head injury incidents

yes, as the head is bigger there is a higher risk for incidents

How long do kids primarily breathe from their nose

nose breathers until 2-4 months, can't breathe if nose blocked

in peds, edema primarily shows up in what body part

primarily show edema through periorbital edema b/c the tissue is sensitive to fluid

at one month, babies should be

1. Startled to sound

2. Visually follow objects & faces

3. Arms & legs isually flexed with symmetrical movements

4. Able to lift head momentarily when placed on tummy

at two month, babies should be

1. Begin to smile socially

2. Begin to vocalize with coos and babbles

3. Able to lift head, neck & upper chest when placed on tummy

at four month, babies should be

1. Vocalizes with increasing coos and babbles

2. Begins to reach and grab objects placed near hands

3. Rolls front-> Back

4. Able to support self with hands when placed on tummy

at six month, babies should be

1. Vocalizes repeated sounds like "dadada"

2. Grab objects and puts in mouth

3. Able to support head when sits with support

4. May start semi-foods like cereal as eztrusion reflex or tongue thrust decrease (starts to decrease at 4 months)

at nine month, babies should be

1. Understand simple words and responses to their own name

2. Begin to play with toys

3. Crawl, creeps or rolls repeatedly when placed on floow

4. Able to feed themselves soft finger food and drink from sippy cup

at one year babies should be

1. Speak one or more words and imitate sounds

2. Wave "bye-bye"

3. Drink from a cup, feed self, and eats most soft table food with family

4. Walk alone or with help

5. Birth weight triples

at fifteen months, babies should

1. Crawl or walk up stairs

2. Points to different body parts

3. Able to stack 2 bloks

4. can walk without support

at eighteen months, babies should

1. Able to stack 3 or more blocks

2. feed self with spoon

3. Speak 15-20 words and follow directions

4. Anterior fontanel closes

At two years

1. Walks up and down stairs

2. May begin toilet training

3. Draws lines and scribbles on paper

4. All 20 primary teeth are present

At three years

1. Rides a tricycle

2. Able to get self-dressed

3. Normal respiration is 20-30/ minute

4. Speaks in 3 word sentences and plurals