Regional issues

England under Elizabeth was …. than France or Spain

a much more united state

England was much more…compared to much greater social disorder in Spain & the French wars of religion

peaceful

how is the peace of England evidenced?

by the upper-class in England building indefensible comfortable country houses rather than fortified castles as was in France. This demonstrates a confidence in social order & peace within England absent in the European mainland

Ireland with all intents & purposes was a…

separate country

Ireland had its own…

language & culture

Elizabeth aimed to…

anglicize Ireland in both religious & secular matters

Elizabeth was proclaimed…in 1560

the Supreme Governor of the Church of Ireland

when was Elizabeth proclaimed the Supreme Governor of the Church of Ireland?

1560

Elizabeth lacked the power…in Ireland

to impose Protestantism on a population that was largely Catholic, mostly Gaelic in language and whose customary laws & landownership differed greatly from the English

Ireland became a…

breeding ground for fortune hunters, the get rich quick mentality of English incomers & the frequently use of martial law led to bad relations with the Gaelic Irish & the Old English

what led to bad relations with the Gaelic Irish & the Old English?

the get rich quick mentality of English incomers & the frequently use of martial law

there were …. of rebellion against England in Ireland

3 outbreaks

what were relations with Ireland made worse by?

the brutality of the English response by the Lord Deputy of Ireland

the third Irish rebellion was…

closely linked to the Anglo-Spanish war & proved much more difficult & expensive to supress

how was the third Irish rebellion supressed?

The English defeated the rebels in Kinsale in December 1601 & the rebel leader retreated & negotiated peace with Lord Lieutenant Lord Mountjoy in March 1603

what was consequence of English involvement in Ireland?

Much of Ireland was destroyed or impoverished by the conflict, the crown had spent huge amounts of money & was much disliked by the native population

The separateness of Wales was…

limited under H8 with the Acts of Union (1535 & 1542) which formally annexed Wales into the Kingdom of England, enforcing English law, administrative systems, and language

The Acts of Wales under H8 abolished…

the power of the Marcher Lords, established the shire system, and required English to be used in legal proceedings, effectively integrating Wales into a single state with England

By Elizabeth’s reign, the Welsh border…

was no longer a problem

The integration of England & Wales…

continued - yet linguistic & cultural differences remained

Much of Wales remained...

poor

Border issues in Wales were…

rarely an issue for the Elizabethan state

The structures of border administration in Wales…

remained in operation

how was border administration conducted in Wales

the Council of Wales & Lordship Marchs

The Welsh language…

disappeared as a medium of gov, however it was preserved in religious practice with the translation of both the Book of Common Prayer & the Bible into Welsh

Poverty was...in Wales

common

many Welsh gentry appeared to…

prosper under Elizabeth

the disproportionate number of Welshmen implicated in the Essex rebellion suggests…

a significant level of discontent with the political situation towards the end of Elizabeth’s reign

Scotland was a fully…

independent kingdom with its own monarchy & government

Scotland had a traditional…but

alliance with France (the Auld Alliance)

this was weakened by the Scottish reformation & rebellion against MQoS who was forced into England

what did the weakening of relations with Scotland & France mean for Elizabeth?

the Anglo-Scottish border was more secure from dynastic threats

so long as Scotland remained a separate & independent state…

the possibility of border conflict remained

 the continuation on the Scottish borders of a…

lawless subculture which placed a large emphasis on casual violence & the rustling of sheep and cattle created problems for authorities in the counties

where did administrative responsibility lay with on the Scottish border?

the wardens of the three border marches

traditionally wardens of the Scottish border had been…

appointed from the families of great northern magnates

H8 has signalled a move away from this policy of appointing from the families of great northern magnates on the Scottish border by…

appointing southerners, which Elizabeth continued

what was a problem with appointing Southerners to the Scottish border?

it was difficult for nobles without a local landed base to control either the northern landed families or the border clans

how did Elizabeth counteract the difficulty posed by using southerners with no local land as border wardens on the Scottish border?

Elizabeth sometimes restored to the appointment of wardens from the second rank of northern landowners

Scottish border security was an issue following…

the 1569 Northern rebellion as some of the rebel leaders escaped into Scotland

Between…the governing of Scottish borders became a key issue.

1578-1585 when the grip of Protestant lords over Scotland was tenuous

The murder in a border incident of … looked as if it might create a long-term problem in Anglo-Scottish relation

1585 of Francis Russel, son of the Earl of Bedford

The murder in a Scottish border incident of 1585 of Francis Russel, son of the Earl of Bedford, looked as if it might…

create a long-term problem in Anglo-Scottish relations

how was along-term problems in Anglo-Scottish relations avoided?

through skilful diplomacy where James VI accepted an annual pension of £4000 as well as hints at his possible succession to the English throne

Primary responsibility for the maintenance of order of the Scottish border lay with…

the Council of the North based in York

Elizabeth felt unable to…concerning the Scottish border

grant the office of president of the Council to a member of the northern nobility, none of whom she really trusted; the  alternative (a southern magnate) created problems