Medical Terminology - Chapter 11

acr/o

extremeties

aden/o

gland

adren/o, adrenal/o

adrenal glands

andr/o

male

calc/o

calcium

crin/o

to secrete

estr/o

female

glyc/o

sugar

gonad/o

sex glands

iod/o

iodine

kal/i

potassium

ket/o

ketones

mineral/o

minerals, electrolytes

natr/o

sodium

ovari/o

ovary

pancreat/o

pancreas

parathyroid/o

parathyroid gland

pineal/o

pineal gland

pituit/o

pituitary gland

radi/o

ray

somat/o

body

testicul/o

testes

thym/o

thymus

thry/o, thyroid/o

thyroid gland

-dipsia

thirst

-emic

pert to a blood condition

-tropic

pert to stimulating

-tropin

to stimulate

adrenal

pert to adrenal glands

ovarian

pert to the ovary

pancreatic

pert to pancreas

parathyroidal

pert to parathyroid glands

pineal

pert to pineal gland

testicular

pert to testes

thyroidal

pert to thyroid gland

endocrinology

diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of endocrine glands, endocrinologist

adrenomegaly

enlarged adrenal glands

adrenopathy

adrenal gland disease

edema

excessive fluid in body tissues

endocrinopathy

disease involving endocrine system

exophthalmos

protruding eyeballs; excessive thyroid hormone

glycosuria

sugar in urine

gynecomastia

development of boobs in males

hirsutism

excessive amt of hair, hormone imbalance

hypercalcemia

excessive calcium in blood, hypersecretion of PTH

hyperglycemia

excessive sugar in blood; a sign of diabetes mellitus

hyperkalemia

excessive potassium in blood

hypersecretion

excessive hormone production by endocrine gland

hypocalcemia

not enough calcium in blood; a sign of insufficient PTH

hypoglycemia

not enough sugar in blood

hyponatremia

not enough sodium in blood

hyposecretion

insufficient hormone production by endocrine gland

obesity

having abnormal amt of body fat

polydipsia

excessive feeling of thirst

polyuria

producing excessive amt of urine

syndrome

group of symptoms and signs that combine to present a clinical picture of disease or condition

thyromegaly

enlarged thyroid gland

Addison’s disease

hyposecretion of adrenocortical hormones; symptoms are increased pigmentation, weakness, and weight loss

adrenal feminization

development of female secondary sex characteristics in men; result by increased estrogen secretion by adrenal cortex

adrenal virilism

development of male secondary sex characteristics in women; result of increased androgen secretion by adrenal cortex

adrenalitis

inflammation of adrenal glands

Cushing’s syndrome

set of symptoms cs excess cortisol lvls; weakness, edema, excess hair, skin discoloration, osteoporosis

pheochromocytoma

benign tumor of adrenal medulla that causes excess secretion of epinephrine, anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, headache

diabetes mellitus (DM)

chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting in hyperglycemia and glycosuria;

two distinct forms: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, type 1) and non-insulin dependent (NIDDM, type 2)

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, type 1)

pancreas stops insulin production; early in life, patients do daily insulin injections

non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, type 2)

pancreas produces normal to high lvls of insulin and cells fail to respond, later in life, patient takes oral hypoglycemics and may need insulin injections

diabetic retinopathy

dmg to blood vessels of retina secondary to diabetes mellitus

insulinoma

tumor of islets of Langerhans, causes excess insulin secretion

ketoacidosis

excess acidic ketone bodies; serious complication of diabetes mellitus

peripheral neuropathy

dmg to nerves in lower legs and hands secondary to diabetes mellitus

hyperparathyroidism

hypersecretion of PTH; high blood calcium lvls

hypoparathyroidism

hyposecretion of PTH; low blood calcium lvls

Recklinghausen disease

degeneration of bones due to hypersecretion of PTH

tetany

nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps due to hypocalcemia

acromegaly

chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults; causes enlargement of bones in head and extremities

diabetes insipidus (DI)

hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone; symptoms polyuria and polydipsia

dwarfism

hyposecretion of growth hormone in children; causes short stature

gigantism

hypersecretion of growth hormone in child or teen; results in tall stature

hyperpituitarism

hypersecretion of one or more pituitary hormones

hypopituitarism

hyposecretion of pituitary gland hormones

panhypopituitarism

hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones; causes problems w the glands controlled by the pituitary gland

congenital hypothyroidism

congenital condition in which a lack of thyroid hormones causes arrested physical and mental development

goiter

enlarged thyroid gland

Graves’ disease

overactive thyroid; symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

autoimmune destruction of the thyroid; results in hyposecretion of thyroid hormones

myxedema

hyposecretion of thyroid in an adult; symptoms: swollen facial features, edema, anemia, drowsiness

thyrotoxicosis

marked hypersecretion of the thyroid gland; symptoms include rapid heart rate, tremors, thyromegaly, and weight loss

adenocarcinoma

cancerous tumor in a gland that produces hormones; cause hypersecretion pathologies

blood serum test

measure of blood levels of substances like calcium, glucose, and hormones

fasting blood sugar (FBS)

measures glucose in bloodstream after a 12-hour fast

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

measures blood sugar lvl over several hours after person is given a large dose of glucose

protein-bound iodine test (PBI)

measures T4 blood lvl; iodine in the hormone becomes bound to blood proteins

radioimmunoassay (RIA)

measures lvls of hormones in blood using radioactively tagged hormones

thyroid function test (TFT)

measures lvls of T3, T4, and TSH in blood

total calcium

measures calcium in blood; used to diagnose parathyroid or bone disorders

two-hour postprandial glucose tolerance test

evals glucose metabolism; patient eats a high-carbohydrate diet then fasts overnight, after which a blood sample is taken two hours after a meal

thyroid echography

ultrasound exam of thyroid gland

thyroid scan

nuclear medicine imaging test based on accumulation of radioactive iodine in thyroid gland

adrenalectomy

surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands

chemical thyroidectomy

large dose of radioactive iodine given to kill thyroid gland cells w/o surgery