AP Psych Unit 3- Dev 6-9

association

predicting an outcome based on certain stimuli/relations

ex —→ lighting expected after hearing thunder

classical conditioning

learning process discovered by Ivan Pavlov: an automatic response due to forming an association between natural stimuli and a previously neutral stimuli, leading to a learned response

unconditional stimuli (US)

stimuli that naturallly causes a response without prior learning

ex —→ dog food

unconditioned response

unlearned , natural response to the US

ex—→ salivation to food

neutral stimuli

no conditioned response

ex—→ tone

conditioned stimuli (CS)

a previously neutral stimuli (tone, after being paired with the natural stimuli of food, then taken away) that triggers a conditioned response (salivation)

conditioned response (CR)

a learned response to previously neutral stimuli

note —→ the response stays the same ex. salivation

acquisition

the initial stage of learning: when neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimuli are paired and introduced

note —→ the neutral stimuli is always before the US (food)

extinction

the second stage in learning: the diminishing of a conditioned response(salivation) due to natural stimulus no longer following the conditioned stimuli (tone)

spontaneous recovery

the 3rd stage of learning: reappearence of extinguished conditioned response (salivation) after stopping conditioning

note —→ the strength of the CR is less than pre-extinction

stimulus generalization

tendency to experience a conditioned response (Little Albert fear) to similar conditioned stimuli (white fuzzy thing/rat)

stimulus discrimination

learned ability to distinguish b/w a conditioned stimuli and similar stimulus (due to difference threshold)

higher order conditioning/second order

a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimuli by associating it with the previous conditioned response (snapping fingers AND the tone, eventually removing the tone to make the finger snapping the main CS)

counter conditioning

replacing an unwanted conditioned response with a more desirable one by associating feared stimulus w/ positive events

ex —→ bring treat to dog when cat around

taste aversion

learned avoidance of a particular food that has been associated with illness/discomfort

biological preparedness

certain associations are more easily learned b/c of their perception

ex—→ snake more scary than bunny

habituation

decrease in response to stimuli after repeated presentations

ex—→ gunshots heard over and over