sdc speech and comms

Communication

a process in which people share thoughts, ideas, and feelings in understandable ways

Shared meaning

when the receiver attaches a similar meaning to the message that the sender meant to convey

transaction model of communication

a process in which communicators generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts

The process of communication is a cyclic one as it...

begins with the sender and ends with the sender in the form of feedback

sender

the person that is delivering a message to a recipient

encoder

when the sender puts the message into a series of symbols, pictures, or words which be communicated to the intended receiver

encoding

putting the targeted message into an appropriate medium which may be verbal or non-verbal, depending on the situation, time, space, and nature of the message to be sent

message

information the sender is relaying to the receiver

channel

the transmission or method of delivering the message - the medium of transmission varies depending on the message

receiver

this step in the communication process is done by hearing the message, seeing it, feeling it, or another form of reception

decoding

the interpretation of the message

reframing

modifying the receiver's frame of reference BEFORE the content of the message is conveyed - it helps the receiver understand the situation as seen by the sender

noise

interference that affects the message being sent, received, or understood

external noise

distractions beyond the speaker and the listener - coughing, microphone feedback, ringing cellphone

physiological noise

distractions caused by your body communicating with you - fatigue, discomfort, boredom

psychological noise

distractors caused by internal thoughts or focusing on something that is not the message being sent - daydreaming, judging

intrapersonal communcation

communication with yourself - sound of your thinking or the little voice within

interpersonal communication

one-on-one communication - usually involves two people, getting to know someone personally

small group communication

three or more people with a common goal

public communication

audience of 12 or more where the messages are sent in a way that the group as a whole will understand

mass communication

message is sent to many people in many different places at different times

nonverbal codes

present the ways that people communicate without words, including all forms of communication other than linguistic ones

computer-mediated communication

a process of human communication via computers, involving people, situated in particular contexts, engaging in processes to shape media for a variety of purposes

Why is personal communication essential for physical well-being?

physical needs are met, identity needs are met, social needs are met, and practical needs are met

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

communication competence

the knowledge of effective and appropriate communication patterns and the ability to use and adapt that knowledge in various contexts

Pre-intentional (Reactive) Behavior

expresses the state of the subject (hungry, sleepy) - state is interpreted by observer

Intentional (Proactive) Behavior

behavior is intentional but not intentionally communicative

nonconventional presymbolic communication

nonconventional gestures are used with the intent of affecting observer's behavior

conventional presymbolic communication

conventional gestures are used with intent of affecting observer's behavior

concrete symbolic communication

limited use of concrete (iconic) symbols to represent environmental entities

abstract symbolic communication

limited use of abstract symbols to represent environmental entities

formal symbolic communication

rule bound use of arbitrary symbol system

Communication is a

tool, neither good or bad

People always have

communication, it never stops

Communication can create

problems as well, and can be used to offend or hurt others

Competence means you know it. Effectiveness means

you can explain it

group communication

communication that consists of verbal and nonverbal messages shared among members

In the forming stage of group development...

members get to know one another and establish ground rules.

In the storming stage of group development

members start to communicate feelings and conflict can occur; this is thought of as the testing and proving phase.

In the norming stage of group development...

people feel part of the team and accept other viewpoints as the group begins to have a sense of its purpose.

In the performing stage of group development...

the team works in an open and trusting environment and the members are more focused on the tasks than personal issues.

In the adjourning stage of group development...

the team completes the task and implements a plan for transitioning roles and recognizing members' contributions.

group norm

setting up an explicit set of ground rules for everyone to follow

groupthink

reaching a decision due to in-group pressure to conform

pseudo conflict

two people in a group have conflict because of misunderstanding due to poor communication

Interim leader

a person who steps into an organization's leadership position on a temporary basis

culture

a system of shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and norms that guide what is considered appropriate among an identifiable group of people

in-groups

groups with which we identify

out-groups

groups we view as different

social identity

the part of self-concept that is based on membership in groups

intercultural communication

the interactions that occur between people whose cultures are so different that the communication between them is altered

culture contact

contact between peoples with different cultures, usually leading to change in both systems

acculturation

the changes in artifacts, customs, and beliefs that result from cross-cultural interaction

assimilation

the process whereby an individual or group is absorbed into the social structures and cultural life of another person, group, or society

biculturalism

the simultaneous identification with two cultures when an individual feels equally at home in both cultures and feels emotional attachment with both cultures

Deculturalization

the process by which an ethnic group is forced to abandon its language, culture, and customs

enculturation

the sociological process of raising a child to be a member of a particular culture or cultural group

multiculturalism

the co-existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or cultural groups and is manifested in customary behaviors, cultural assumptions and values, patterns of thinking, and communicative styles

social media describes

all channels that make remote personal communication possible

media richness

the abundance of nonverbal cues that add clarity to a verbal message

hyperpersonal communication

characterized by accelerated disclosure and relational development

synchronous communication is

two way and occurs in real time

asynchronous communication occurs when

there is a gap in time when a message is sent and received

What are some common barriers to effective intercultural communication?

anxiety, assuming similarity or difference, ethnocentrism, stereotyping, incompatible communication codes, and incompatible norms and values

frame of reference

a complex set of assumptions and attitudes which we use to filter perceptions to create meaning

Examples of frame of reference

the way we were raised, our geographic location, religion, education, culture, our perspective of the world

low context culture

uses language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible

high-context culture

people rely heavily on situational cues for meaning when communicating with others

individualistic culture

view their primary responsibility as helping themselves

collectivistic culture

feel loyalties and obligations to an in-group

power distance

the degree to which members of a society accept an unequal distribution of power

uncertainty avoidance

term used to reflect the degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous situations and how much they try to avoid them

power distance

Degree to which societies accept the idea that inequalities in the power and well-being of their citizens are due to differences in individuals' physical and intellectual capabilities and heritage

culture shock

feeling of uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety that people experience when visiting, doing business in, or living in a society that is different from their own

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

Five styles of conflict management include

avoiding, competing, accommodating, collaborating, and compromising

The five elements of effective communication include being

concise, practical, factual, clear, and persuasive

Johari Window

a visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

a personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types

self-dislosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

social exchange theory

the theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs

equity theory

the idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced by both parties are roughly equal

Social Penetration Theory

a theory that predicts that as relationships develop, communication increases in breadth and depth

disengagement theory

The view that aging makes a person's social sphere increasingly narrow, resulting in role relinquishment, withdrawal, and passivity.

Language is

person centered because humans are the ones who made up how each object should be represented in words

Language can shape and reflect attitudes because

things like names, credibility, and sexism and racism all give us a perception of someone.

appropriate language

word choices that are appropriate to the topic, occasion, and audience

Jargon

special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.

cliche

a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought.

Euphemism

An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant

Slang

Informal language

Unintended meanings

Not deliberate or intentional; unplanned

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

the idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language

Nonverbal communication may be

intentional or unintentional.

Nonverbal communication is

primary, because it takes precedence over verbal commmunication.

Nonverbal communication is often

ambiguous, since nonverbal behavior may have different meanings depending on the user's personality, family influences, and culture.

Nonverbal communication is

continuous, because one is constantly communicating through nonverbal behaviors.

Nonverbal communication is

multichanneled, since we use a variety of cues to make an interpretation.

Nonverbal communication is

relational since it allows us to define the kind of relationships we want to have with others as well as allowing us to convey emotions that were either unable or unwilling to express vocally.