GMO 2nd level

DNA

An instructional code that determines which proteins a cell can build.

Protein Production

The process by which genes are expressed to create proteins that determine traits.

Base Pairing

The exact matching of nucleotides where Adenine pairs with Thymine and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

CRISPR

A genetic engineering technology that uses guide RNA to locate specific DNA sequences for editing.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics or traits of an organism, usually determined by protein activity.

Gene Silencing

The process where a gene is present but inactive, preventing protein production.

Substitution Mutation

A type of mutation where one base is replaced by another, which may change protein function.

Insertion Mutation

A type of mutation where an extra base is added, potentially altering protein structure.

Deletion Mutation

A type of mutation where a base is removed, possibly silencing gene function.

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

An organism whose DNA has been deliberately modified to produce a desired trait.

Plasmids

Small circular DNA loops in bacteria that can replicate independently and be manipulated for genetic engineering.

Bt Corn

Corn that has an inserted bacterial gene to produce a toxic protein for insect defense.

Golden Rice

Rice that has been genetically modified to produce beta-carotene, addressing vitamin A deficiency.

Polyploidy

A condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes, but does not involve foreign gene insertion.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

The agency responsible for ensuring food safety related to GMOs.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

The agency that oversees plant and agricultural safety for GMOs.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The agency that evaluates the pesticide and environmental effects of GMOs.