Cognitive Neuroscience

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Cognitive Neuroscience

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The study of the biological processes and aspects underlying cognition, focusing on neural connections in the brain

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Localization of Function

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Specific brain areas controlling distinct skills or behaviors

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64 Terms

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Cognitive Neuroscience

The study of the biological processes and aspects underlying cognition, focusing on neural connections in the brain

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Localization of Function

Specific brain areas controlling distinct skills or behaviors

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Nervous System

Responsible for receiving, processing, and responding to environmental information

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

Comprises the spinal cord and brain

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Includes nerves outside the CNS

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Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates involuntary functions like heart rate

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Prepares organs for vigorous activity

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Facilitates nonemergency responses

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Cerebrum

Responsible for voluntary movement and cognitive functions

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Limbic System

Involved in learning, emotions, and memory

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Hippocampus

Crucial for memory formation and spatial memory

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Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Results from hippocampal damage, causing memory issues

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Amygdala

Key in processing emotions, especially anger and aggression

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Thalamus

Relays sensory information to the cortex

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Hypothalamus

Regulates behaviors related to survival, emotions, and stress

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Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Regulates consciousness, arousal, and attention

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Brainstem

Connects forebrain to spinal cord, controlling vital functions

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Medulla Oblongata

Controls heart activity, breathing, swallowing, and digestion

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Pons

Acts as a relay station for neural signals in the brain

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Cerebellum

Controls coordination, balance, and muscle tone

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Fissures

Large grooves in the brain

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Gyri

Bulges between adjacent sulci or fissures

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Neural-cell bodies

Give the cerebral cortex a grayish appearance

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Neural-cell bodies in the cerebral cortex

Primary function is processing information

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White matter

Primarily comprises myelinated axons in the brain's interior

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Contralateral

Information transmission from one side to another

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Ipsilateral

Transmission on the same side

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Corpus Callosum

Dense aggregate of neural fibers connecting cerebral hemispheres

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Corpus Callosum function

Allows transmission of information between cerebral hemispheres

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Integration of hemispheres

Important for most brain functions, including language

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Left hemisphere

Responsible for language and movement

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Right hemisphere

Responsible for spatial visualization, orientation, and comprehension

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Right hemisphere function

Dominant in identifying one’s own face

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Left hemisphere processing

Analytical

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Right hemisphere processing

Holistic

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Hemispheres independence

Yes, but serve complementary roles

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Paul Broca

Claimed lesion in left cerebral hemisphere critical in speech

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Carl Wernicke

Studied language-deficient patients and Wernicke's area

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Frontal lobe functions

Motor processing, reasoning, speech production, and more

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Prefrontal cortex

Involved in complex motor control and information integration

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Parietal Lobe

Associated with somatosensory processing and attention

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Temporal lobe

Located under the temples, involved in auditory processing

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Occipital lobe

Responsible for visual processing

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Neuron

Basic functional unit of the nervous system

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Dendrites

Receive signals from other neurons

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Axon

Transmits signals to other neurons

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Myelin sheath

Insulates and speeds up nerve impulse transmission

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Synapse

Space between two neurons for signal transmission

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Neurotransmitters

Transmit signals across synapse to other neurons

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Soma

Contains nucleus, connects dendrites to axon

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Learning

Associated with forming new neuronal connections

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Axon

Transmits electrochemical signals from soma to terminus

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Myelinated axons

Surrounded by myelin sheath for faster conduction

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Unmyelinated axons

Shorter, smaller, and slower

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Terminal buttons

Located at ends of axon branches

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EEG

Records brain electrical frequencies and intensities

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CT scan

Combines X-ray images for 3D brain image

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Angiography

Examines blood flow in the brain

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MRI

Reveals brain images by analyzing magnetic changes

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PET scan

Measures increases in oxygen consumption in active brain areas

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Brain disorders

Conditions affecting brain structure or function

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Vascular disorder

Brain disorder caused by a stroke

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Brain tumors

Also called neoplasms, can affect cognitive functioning

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Head injuries

Caused by car accidents, contact with hard objects, or bullet wounds.