US Honors Test 1 Review (Ch.1-4)

Columbian Exchange

The global transfer of plants animals culture human populations technology and diseases between the Americas West Africa and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Enlightenment Thinkers: Locke & Jefferson

Philosophers who emphasized natural rights (life liberty property) and the social contract heavily influencing the ideas behind American independence.

1st Great Awakening

A series of Christian revivals that swept the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s promoting individual spiritual agency and weakening traditional church authority.

Proclamation of 1763

A British law forbidding colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains designed to prevent conflict with Native Americans but angering colonists.

Mercantilism

An economic policy where colonies exist to enrich the mother country by providing raw materials and buying finished goods.

Navigation Acts

A series of English laws that restricted colonial trade to English ships and ports to enforce mercantilism.

Salutary Neglect

The British policy of loose enforcement of colonial trade laws which allowed the colonies to develop independent governing and economic habits.

Common Sense

A highly influential pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that argued for immediate independence from Britain in simple persuasive language.

Declaration of Independence

The 1776 document establishing the United States as a free nation asserting human equality and natural rights.

Articles of the Constitution (I II III)

Article I: Legislative Branch (Congress makes laws); Article II: Executive Branch (President enforces laws); Article III: Judicial Branch (Supreme Court interprets laws)

Bill of Rights (Amendments 1-5)

1. Free speech religion press assembly petition; 2. Bear arms; 3. No quartering; 4. No unreasonable search/seizure; 5. Due process double jeopardy self-incrimination

War of 1812 Reasons & Results

Reasons: British impressment trade interference Native American support. Results: Increased American nationalism domestic manufacturing rise end of Federalist Party.

Marbury v. Madison

Landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review giving courts the power to strike down unconstitutional laws.

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. policy declaring that any European intervention or colonization in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act.

Henry Clay's American System

An economic plan proposing high protective tariffs a national bank and federal funding for internal improvements (roads/canals).

Missouri Compromise

An 1820 agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state prohibiting slavery north of latitude 36°30'.

Trail of Tears

The forced deadly relocation of the Cherokee Nation and other Native American tribes to western territories under the Indian Removal Act.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century belief that the United States was divinely ordained to expand across the North American continent.

Market Revolution

The shift from home-based local subsistence economies to a national interconnected commercial market driven by industrialization and transportation.

Lowell Textile Mills

Early 19th-century textile mills in Massachusetts that relied heavily on a workforce of young unmarried women ("Lowell Mill Girls").

Transcendentalism

A philosophical movement led by figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau emphasizing intuition individualism self-reliance and nature.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention in U.S. history (1848) which produced the Declaration of Sentiments fighting for women's suffrage.

Compromise of 1850

Measures passed to ease sectional tensions including admitting California as a free state and passing a stricter Fugitive Slave Act.

Popular Sovereignty

The political doctrine allowing the residents of a federal territory to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

An 1854 law allowing popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise and leading to violent conflict ("Bleeding Kansas").

Dred Scott Case

A Supreme Court decision ruling that African Americans were not citizens and that Congress had no power to forbid slavery in federal territories.

Harper's Ferry

A federal arsenal attacked by abolitionist John Brown in an attempt to spark an armed slave revolt.

Emancipation Proclamation

A wartime executive order by Abraham Lincoln declaring all slaves in Confederate-held territory to be forever free.

Gettysburg & Antietam

Antietam: Bloodiest single-day battle; gave Lincoln momentum for Emancipation Proclamation. Gettysburg: Turning point of the war; stopped Confederate invasion of the North.

13th Amendment

The constitutional amendment that officially abolished slavery and involuntary servitude throughout the United States.