BIO 205 Exam 3

Which of the following types of medical items require sterilization?

needles

Which of the following is suitable for use on tissues for microbial control to prevent infection?

antiseptic

Which biosafety level is appropriate fro research with microbes or infectious agents that pose moderate risk to laboratory workers and the community, and are typically indigenous?

BSL-2

Which of the following best describes a microbial control protocol that inhibits the growth of molds and yeast?

fungistatic

The decimal reduction times refers to the amount of time it takes to which of the following?

reduce a microbial population by 90%

Which of the following methods brings about cell lysis due to cavitation induced by rapid localized pressure changes?

sonication

Which of the following terms is used to describe the time required to kill all of the microbes within a sample at a given temperature?

thermal death time

Which of the following microbial control methods does not actually kill microbes or inhibit their growth but instead removes them physically from samples?

filtration

desiccation

lyophilization

nonionizing

filtration

Which of the following refers to a disinfecting chemical dissolved in alcohol?

tincture

Which of the following peroxygens is widely used as a household disinfectant, is inexpensive, and breaks down into water and oxygen gas?

hydrogen peroxide

Which of the following chemical food preservatives is used in the wine industry but may cause asthmatic reactions in some individuals?

sulfites

Bleach is an example of which group of chemicals used for disinfection?

halogens

Which chemical disinfectant works by methylating enzymes and nucleic acids and is known for being toxic and carcinogenic?

formaldehyde

Which types of test is used to determine whether disinfectant solutions actively used in a clinical setting are being used correctly?

in-use test

The effectiveness of chemical disinfectants has historically been compared to that of which of the following?

phenol

Which of the following refers to a germicide that can kill vegetative cells and certain enveloped viruses but no endospores?

low-level germicide

Sanitization leaves an object free of microbes

false

Ionizing radiation can penetrate surfaces, but nonionizing radiation cannot

True

Moist-heat sterilization protocols require the use of higher temperatures for longer periods of time than do dry-heat sterilization protocols do.

false

Soaps are classified as disinfectants

False

Mercury-based compounds have fallen out of favor for use as preservatives and antiseptics

true

A medical item that comes into contact with intact skin and does not penetrate sterile tissues or come into contact with mucous membranes in called a(n) _____ item

noncritical

The goal of ____ _____ protocols is to rid canned produce of clostridium botulinum endospores.

commercial sterilization

In an autoclave, the application _____ is increased to allow the steam to achieve temperatures above the boiling point of water

steam

Doorknobs and other surfaces in clinical settings are often coated with _____, _____, or ____ to prevent the transmission of microbes

copper, nickel, zinc

If a chemical disinfectant is more effective than phenol, then its phenol coefficient would be ____ than 1.0

greater

if used for extended periods of time, ____ germicides may lead to sterility

high-level

In the disk-diffusion assay, a large zone of inhibition around a disk to which chemical disinfectant has been applied indicates ____ of the test microbes to the chemical disinfectant

susceptibility or sensitivity

.

A scientist discovers that a soil bacterium he has been studying produces an antimicrobial that kills gram-negative bacteria. She isolates and purifies the antimicrobial compound, then chemically converts a chemical side chain to a hydroxyl group. When she tests the antimicrobial properties of this new version, she finds that this antimicrobial drug can now also kill gram-positive bacteria. The new antimicrobial drug with broad-spectrum activity is considered to be which of the following?

semisynthetic

which of the following antimicrobial drugs is synthetic?

sulfanilamide

Which of the following combinations would most likely contribute to the development of a superinfection?

long-term use of broad spectrum antimicrobials

Which of the following routes of administration would be appropriate and convenient for home administration of an antimicrobial to treat a systemic infection?

oral

Which clinical situation would be appropriate for treatment with narrow-spectrum antimicrobial drug?

treatment of strep throat caused by culture identified Streptococcus pyogenes

which of the following terms refers to the ability of an antimicrobial drugs to harm the target microbe without harming the host?

selective toxicity

Which of the following is not a type of B-lactam antimicrobial?

penicillins

glycopeptides

cephalosporins

monobactams

glycopeptides

Which of the following does not binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit

tetracyclines

lincosamides

macrolides

chloramphenicol

tetracyclines

Which of the following antimicrobials inhibits the activity of DNA gyrase

nalidixic acid

Which of the following is not an appropriate target for antifungal drugs?

ergosterol

chitin

cholesterol

B(1->3) glucan

cholesterol

Which of the following drugs classes specifically inhibits neuronal transmission in helminths?

avermectins

Which of the following is a nucleoside analog commonly used as a reverse transcriptase inhibitor in the treatment of HIV?

azidothymidine

Which of the following is an antimalarial drug that is thought to increase ROS levels in target cells?

artemisinin

Which of the following resistance mechanisms describes the function of B-lactamase?

drug inactivation

Which of the following resistance mechanisms is commonly effective against a wide range of antimicrobials in multiple classes?

efflux pump

Which of the following resistance mechanisms is the most nonspecific to a particular class of antimicrobials?

efflux pump

Which of the following types of drug-resistant bacteria do not typically persist in individuals as a member of their intestinal microbiota?

MRSA

In the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, the ____of the zone of inhibition is measured and used for interpretation.

diamete

Which of the following techniques cannot be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of an antimicrobial drug against a particular microbe?

Etest

microbroth dilution test

Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test

macrobroth dilution test

Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test

The utility of an antibiogram is that it shows antimicrobial susceptibility trends

in a localized population

Which of the following has yielded compounds with the most antimicrobial activity?

soil

Narrow-spectrum antimicrobials are commonly used for prophylaxis following surgery.

false

B-lactamases can degrade vancomycin

false

Echinocandins, known as "penicillin for fungi," target B(1->3) glucan in fungal cell walls

true

If drug A produces a larger zone of inhibition than drug B on the kirby-bauer disk diffusion test, drug A should always be prescribed.

false

The rate of discovery of antimicrobial drugs has decreased significantly in recent decades

true

The group of soil bacteria known for their ability to produce a wide variety of antimicrobials is called the ____

actinomycetes

The bacterium known for causing pseudomembranous colitis, a potentially deadly superinfection, is ____

Clostridium difficile

Selective toxicity antimicrobials are easier to develop against bacteria because they are ____ cells, whereas human cells are eukaryotic

prokaryotic

Antiviral drugs, like Tamiflu and Relenza, that are effective against the influenza virus by preventing viral escape from host cells are called ____

neuraminidase inhibitors

Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA strains, may commonly be carried as a normal member of the ____ microbiota in some people

nasal

The method that can determine the MICs of multiple antimicrobial drugs against a microbial strain using a single agar plate is called the ____

Etest

which of the following would be a sign of an infection?

fever

Which of the following is an example of noncommunicable infectious disease?

food poisoning due to a performed bacterial toxin in food

During an oral surgery, the surgeon nicked the patient's gum with a sharp instrument. This allowed Streptococcus, a bacterium normally present in the mouth, to gain access to the blood. As a result, the patient developed bacterial endocarditis (an infection of the heart). Which type of disease is this?

iatrogenic

Which period is the stage of disease during which the patient begins to present general signs and symptoms?

prodromal

A communicable disease that can be easily transmitted from person to person is which type of disease?

contagious

Which fo the following is a pathogen that could not be identified by the original Koch's postulates?

Staphylococcus aureus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Human immunodeficiency virus

Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium

Human immunodeficiency virus

Pathogen A has an ID50 of 50 particles, pathogen B has an ID50 of 1,000 particles, and pathogen C has an ID50 of 1x10^6 particles. Which pathogen is most virulent?

pathogen A

Which of the following choices lists the steps of pathogenesis in the correct order?

exposure, adhesion, invasion, infection

Which of the following would be a virulence factor of a pathogen?

a surface protein allowing the pathogen to bind to host cells

You have recently identified a new toxin. It is produced by a gram-negative bacterium. It is composed mostly of protein, has high toxicity, and is not heat stable. You also discover that it targets liver cells. Based on these characteristics, how would you classify this toxin?

exotoxin

Which of the following applies to hyaluronidase?

it acts as a spreading factor

Phospolipases are enzymes that do which of the following?

degrade cell membranes to allow pathogens to escape phagosomes

Which of the following is a major virulence factor for the fungal pathogen cryptococcus?

capsule

Which of the following pathogens undergoes antigenic variation to avoid immune defenses?

Plasmodium

A difference between an acute disease and chronic disease is that chronic disease have an extended period of _____.

illness