TEAS 7- Science

sagittal plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

coronal plane

divides body into front and back

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Anterior

toward the front

Posterior

back of body

Cephalad/Cephalic

(adverbs) head

Cranial

(adjective) skull

Caudad

(adverb) toward the tail or posterior

Caudal

(adjective) hindquarters

Superior

above; toward the head

Inferior

Below; at a lower level

A: right hypochondriac

-right kidney

-liver

-gallbladder

-small intestine

B: Epigastric (epi= on, above)

-stomach

-liver

-adrenal glands

-pancreas

-spleen

-small intestine

C: Left Hypochondriac

-left kidney

-spleen

-pancreas

-colon

D: Right Lumbar

-ascending colon

-liver

-gallbladder

E: Umbilical

-small intestine

-duodenum

-umbilicus

F: Left lumbar

-descending colon

-left kidney

G: Right iliac

-cecum

-appendix

H - Hypogastric (hypo=below; gastric=stomach)

-bladder

-female internal reproductive organs

-sigmoid colon

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

-duodenum

-part of the ascending and transverse colon

-hepatic flexure

-liver

-gallbladder

-pancreas (head)

-right kidney

-right adrenal gland

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

-cecum

-appendix

-right ovary and tube

-right ureter

-right spermatic cord

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

-stomach

-liver (left lobe)

-pancreas (body)

-left kidney

-left adrenal gland

-splenic flexure

-spleen

-part of transverse and descending colon

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

-left ureter

-left fallopian tube

-left ovary

-part of descending colon

-sigmoid colon

Quadrants

-four regions with the umbilicus (navel) at the center

-helps identify positions of organs

ventral cavity

-located along the front of the body

-contains body organs that sustain homeostasis

-separated by the diaphragm

viscera

internal organs

thoracic cavity

-above the diaphragm

-contains lungs and mediastinum, which separates cavity into right/left compartments

Mediastinum

-area between the lungs

-contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea

abdominoplevic cavity

-extends below diaphragm to the pelvic floor

-contains upper abdominal cavity and lower pelvic cavity (not physically separated)

abdominal cavity

Contains;

-stomach

-large and small intestines

-spleen

-liver

-gallbladder

-pancreas

pelvic cavity

contains;

-internal reproductive organs

-bladder

-distal part of colon

Cavities are lined with

serous membranes

serous membrane

secretes fluid that separates the parietal layer from the visceral layer

parietal pleura

lines the thoracic cavity

pericardial membrane

surrounds the heart

peritoneal membrane

lines the abdominal cavity

dorsal cavity

contains brain and spinal cord

cranial cavity

Contains;

-brain

-12 cranial nerves

-pituitary gland

Meninges

-comprised of dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

-lines cavity and surround the brain and spinal cord

-contains cerebrospinal fluid between arachnoid mater and pia mater in subarachnoid space

protects and cushions the dorsal cavity:

meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

respiratory system functions

-pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

-gas exchange (external respiration)

-gas conditioning (internal respiration- warm, humidify, and cleanse air)

-sound production

-olfaction (smell)

upper respiratory tract

-nose

-nasal cavity

-mouth

-pharynx

-larynx

nose in nasal cavity

governs sense of smell

Trachea connects _____ and ____ to the_____.

pharynx; larynx; lungs

External nose structures

-root

-bridge

-dorsum nasi

-frontal maxillary bones

-septal alar cartilages

internal nose (nasal cavity)

lined with hairs and mucous membrane that act as a filter

internal nose function

warms, moisturizes, and filters air that enters the body before it reaches the lungs

sinus system function

produce mucus to moisturize the inside more and protects us from dirt, dust, etc.

sinus system structure

two maxillary sinuses and ethmoid sinus

maxillary sinus

-collectively are the largest sinus, can cause some pain

-drains into ostium

ethmoid sinus location

between the nose and the eyes

frontal sinus

located above each eye

Pharynx consists of:

-nasopharynx

-oropharynx

-laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

lets you breathe through the nose

oropharynx

connects nose and back of mouth to the esophagus

Hypopharynx

passageway for food

Larynx (voice box) function

-allows air to pass through the respiratory tract

-protects trachea by ensuring food and drink don't block airway

larynx sections:

-Supraglottis

-Glottis

-Subglottis

Larynx formation

nine cartilages connected by muscle and ligaments

lower respiratory tract components

-trachea

-lungs

-bronchi

-diaphragm

trachea (windpipe)

main airway to the lungs

lungs

pull in O2 and push out CO2

lungs are protected by

sternum, rib cage, and vertebrae

lung connects to:

trachea via left and right bronchi

perfusion

helps fluid pass to an organ or tissue

alveoli produces:

surfactant (fluid)

Surfactant

prevent the lungs from collapsing

tidal volume

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

pleura

-double-layered membrane surrounding each lung

-secretes a fluid that lets the lungs move against the rib cage when we breathe

The right lung has how many lobes?

3 lobes

Left lung has how many lobes?

2 lobes, to make room for the heart

lung lobes function

bring O2 into and remove CO2 from the blood stream

bronchus

one of the two tubes that connect lungs with trachea

Bronchi function

help push air to and from the lungs

diaphragm function

primary muscle used in breathing

Diaphragm loaction

below heart and lungs

The diaphragm opening:

lets other structures pass between the chest and abdomen

esophageal opening

provides passageway for esophagus and vagus nerve

aortic opening

allows the aorta and thoracic duct to pass through

Aorta

transports blood from the heart and is the body's main artery

thoarcic duct

lymphatic system's main vessel

conducting zone (air)

provides a continuous passageway for incoming and outgoing air to travel

conducting zone structures

-nose

-pharynx

-larynx

-trachea

-bronch

- bronchioles

respiratory zone

only involved with O2 and CO2 exchange (gas exchange)

respiratory system

conducting and respiratory zone

respiratory zone structures

-bronchioles

-alveoli

-alveolar ducts

conducting zone (pic)

alveoli

very small air sacs in the site of the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

bronchi

main passageway attached to the lungs

bronchiole

connects bronchi to the alveoli

Ventilation

movement of air in and out of the lungs

inhale

diaphragm moves downward, ribs push out and lungs are filled with air

exhale

diaphragm is moved up, ribs relax, and air leaves lungs

hyperventilation

the condition of taking abnormally fast, deep breaths

hypoventilation

-decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs

-too much CO2 in the blood stream

external respiration

exchange of gases between lungs and blood