Bio 103 Exam 2

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151 Terms

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Energy
The capacity to do work
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Cellular work
includes building complex molecules and moving substances in and out of the cells
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Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only change form
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Potential energy
Stored energy in the chemical bonds; also called chemical energy
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Kinetic energy
The energy of motion or movement
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Heat
Transfer of thermal energy generated by random movement of molecules or atoms from one body to another
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Autotrophs
Self-feeders that capture and transform the energy of sunlight by photosynthesis
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Sunlight, water, carbon dioxide
3 things that autotrophs require:
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Heterotrophs
Obtain energy by eating other organisms
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Chloroplasts
Where does photosynthesis occur?
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Chloroplasts
Organelles present in cells of plants, algae, and some bacteria
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Photo step
1. Chloroplast capture energy of sunlight. During process, water is split, releasing oxygen as a by-product
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Chlorophyll
A pigment present in the green parts of plants that absorbs photons of light energy
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ATP
Energy carrying molecule that is generated when electrons in the chlorophyll become excited
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NADPH
captures released electrons; an electron carrier
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To replace lost electrons
Why is water split?
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Synthesis step
2. Captured energy is used to convert CO2 into glucose
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Carbon fixation
ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide gas form the air to glucose
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Sugar + oxygen
Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight = ? + ?
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Light reactions
H+ ions reduce NADP+; and ATP is generated from ADP,
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Calvin cycle
makes sugar (G3P) from CO2 using the power of ATP and NADPH made by light reactions
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Thylakoid membrane
Where do the Light Reactions occur?
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Stroma
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?
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Biofuel
Renewable energy made form living organisms
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Fossil fuels
Carbon-rich energy sources
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Exergonic reactions
Reactants have more free energy than the products; involves a net release of energy; occurs spontaneously
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Endergonic reactions
Reactants have less free energy than the products; require input of energy; does not occur spontaneously
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Enzymes
Lower the activations energy and increase probability that a reactions will occur
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Aerobic respiration
A series of reactions that converts stored food energy into ATP; occurs in the presence of oxygen
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ATP + CO2 + water
In aerobic respiration: Glucose + Oxygen = ? + ? + ?
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Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle, Electron transport chain
3 stages of Aerobic Respiration:
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Glycolysis
Series of reactions that breaks down glucose into pyruvate; pyruvate enters the mitochondria; makes 2 ATP
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2 pyruvate + 2 NADH
In Gylcolysis: Glucose = 2 ? + 2 ?
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Cytoplasm
Where does glycolysis occur?
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Citric acid cycle
Helps extract energy from food; pyruvate is modified into acetyl-CoA and enters cycle; makes 2 ATP
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CO2 + NADH, FADH2
In Citric Acid Cycle: Pyruvate = ? + ? + ?
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Mitochondria
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?
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Electron transport chain
Electrons passed from NADH down a chain of molecules to oxygen; oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen atoms to produce water; make 26-28 ATP
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Water + NAD+ + FAD
In Electron Transport Chain: NAPH + FADH2 + Oxygen + ADP = ? + ? + ?
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Mitchondria
Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?
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Fermentation
Anaerobic respiration; occurs when oxygen is scarce
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Cytoplasm
Where does fermentation occur?
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calorie
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1C
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Calorie uppercase
Equal to 1,000 calories
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Basal, digestion, physical activity, exercise, NEAT
The way we expend energy in percentages:
______ Metabolism: 60%
_________: 10%
__________ _______: 30%
- _______:
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Glycogen
A complex carbohydrate which is made up of chained glucose molecules; short-term energy storage
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Muscles and liver cells
Where is glycogen located? (2 places)
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Triglycerides
Converted fats, amino acids, and sugars; used for long-term energy storage
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Fat cells
Where are triglycerides located? (1 place)
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Carbohydrates, proteins, fats
__________: 4 Calories per gram
__________: 4 Calories per gram
__________: 9 Calories per gram
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DNA
Hereditary molecule that is passed from parents to offspring that serves as the instruction manual for how build an individual
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Nucleus
In eukaryotic cells, where is DNA found?
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Chromosome
A single, large DNA molecule wrapped around proteins
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46, 23
How many chromosomes do humans have? How many pairs?
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Autosomes
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; chromosomes 1-22
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Sex chromosome
Determine the sex of the individual
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Nucleotides
What is DNA composed of?
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Nucleotide
Composed of a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and one nitrogenous base
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T
A must pair with... in DNA
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C
G must pair with... in DNA
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DNA replication
Natural process by which cells make an identical copy of a DNA molecule
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Semiconservative replication
Each newly made DNA molecule contains one original DNA strand and one new strand
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Helicase
Enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds that hold base pairs to unwind the helix
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DNA polymerase
Reads the DNA and adds complementary nucleotides using the rules of base paring
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Genome
Complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism
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Polymerase chain reaction
Lab technique used to replicate and amplify a specific DNA segment (Full Term)
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Denaturation
Heating DNA to separate the two strands
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Annealing
Primers guide DNA polymerase to the section of DNA to copy
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Extension
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to elongate the strand using complementary base pairing
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Short tandem repeats
Sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated; noncoding (Full Term)
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Gel electrophoresis
Lab technique that separates fragments of DNA by size
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smaller fragments
In Gel Electrophoresis, which size fragments travel farther?
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Blood, semen, hair, saliva, fingernails
5 Sources of DNA:
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3'-GGGACCCGAGA-5'
5'-CCCTGGGCTCT-3' corresponds to ?
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Gene
Section of DNA that contains a nucleotide sequence with instructions to make a protein
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Regulatory sequences
On/off switches for genes; determine when a protein is made and how much it makes
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Coding sequences
Determine the amino acid sequence of protein which determines its shape and function
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Transcription
Copies DNA into complementary mRNA
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RNA polymerase
Binds the regulatory sequence of the genes coding region to unwind the DNA strand and expose the coding sequence of the gene
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U
With RNA, A must pair with...
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UACGACU
If DNA has the sequence ATGCTGA, what is the corresponding sequence of the mRNA?
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Translation
Converts the mRNA sequence into amino acid sequence of protein
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Ribosome
A complex macromolecule that is the site of protein synthesis
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Codons
Groups of three nucleotides
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Genetic code
Set of rules dictation which mRNA codons specify which amino acid; code is specific, universal, and redundant
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Amino acids
Building blocks of proteins
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3D shape
What determines the function of proteins?
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Mutation
A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
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Base substitution
A mutation that changes a single DNA nucleotide
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Frameshift
A shift in the entire DNA sequence after the mutation occurs
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Recombinant gene
A gene that contains part of different genes that aren't found together in nature
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Transgenic
Organisms that have been genetically modified to contain genes from other species
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Cell division
The process by which a cell reproduces itself; important for development, growth in size, cell replacement, and healing
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Asexual reproduction
Involves inheritance of all genes from one parent; offspring are identical to the original cell or organism
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Sexual Reproduction
Involves inheritance of unique set of genes from two parents; offspring are similar to parents, but show variations in traits
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Interphase
Preparatory phase of a cell cycle; includes G1, S, and G2
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G1 phase
The cell grows and makes extra cytoplasm
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S phase
DNA replication occurs; each chromosome is replicated
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Sister chromatids
Two identical DNA molecules made in the S phase
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Centromere
Specialized region on the chromosome where sister chromatids are joined